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Evolution
evolution
81
Biology
Undergraduate 3
09/21/2009

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Term
Plato - had philosophy
eidos and essence
Definition
eidos- form/idea
essence - reality
Term
Uniformitarianism
Definition
Hutton and Lyell
same processes operated in the past as in the present and that the observations of geology should therefore be explained by causes that we can observe
Term
Lamarck
inheritance of acquired characteristics
Definition
-each species originated individually by spontaneous generation from non-living matter
-species differ from one another because they have different needs and so use certain of their organs and appendages more than other
Term
Transformational theory
Definition
individual organisms change
Term
Wallace
Definition
independently conceived natural selection
Term
Darwin - variational theory of change
Definition
natural selection - survival of the fittest
Term
Saltations
Definition
Large differences evolve by leaps without intermediates
Term
Malthus
Definition
human overproduction should lead to famine

-influenced Darwin
Term
Weisman
Neo-Lamarckism
Definition
rat experiment - cut tails to show tail appeared in further generations
Term
Phylogenetic Tree (tree of life)
Definition
closely adjacent twigs represent living species derived only recently from their common ancestors where as twigs on different branches represent species derived from more ancient common ancestors
Term
Character (characteristics) of organism
Definition
feature or trait
Term
Character State
Definition
one of the variant conditions of a character "color of snail shell" "brown vs yellow"
Term
Homologous Character
Definition
character state inherited without change from their common ancestor
Term
monophyletic group
Definition
set of species derived from anyone common ancestor
Term
synapomorphies
Definition
shared derived character states
Term
autapomorphies
Definition
derived character states restricted to a single lineage
Term
homoplasious
Definition
if it has independently evolved 2 or more times and so does not have an unique origin
Term
maximum parsimony
Definition
-in systematics the principles of invoking the minimal number of evolutionary changes to infer phylogenetic relationships
Term
Outgroup
Definition
a taxon that diverged from a group of other taxa before they diverged from one another
-the group not in study
Term
Ingroup
Definition
-group under study
Term
plesiomorphic
Definition
ancestral states
Term
apomorphic
Definition
derived states
Term
Difficulties in Tree Building
1)
Definition
Scoring characters is difficult
-deciding whether or not organisms have same character state often requires extensive knowledge of anatomical details
-teeth/no teeth/one tooth
Term
Difficulties in Tree Building
2)
Definition
Dealing with Homoplasies (Homoplay common)
-homoplasy is common and a data set may yield several different phylogenetic estimates that are equally good
Term
Difficulties in tree building 3)
Definition
Erasure of the traces of history -the process of evolution often erases the traces of prior evolutionary history 
Term
Difficulties in tree Building
4)
Definition
Some lineages diverge so rapidly that there is little opportunity for the ancestors of each monophyletic group to evolve distinctive synapomorphies (rapid divergence of lineages)
Term
Difficulties in tree building
5)
Definition
Gene trees don't equal species trees
-An accurately estimated gene tree may imply the wrong species phylogeny
Term
cladogenesis
Definition
branching of a lineage into two or more descendant lines
Term
anagenesis
Definition
evolutionary change of various characteristics in each of the descedants
Term
monophyletic
Definition
set of all known descendants from a single common ancestor
Term
polyphyletic
Definition
unrelated lineages that are more closely related to species that are placed in other taxa
ex. whale and fishes considered polyphyletic
Term
paraphyletic
Definition
-group that is monophyletic except that some descendants of the common ancestor have been placed in other taxa
-birds are different taxa but similar to dinosaurs and crocs
Term
convergent evolution
Definition
superficially similar features are formed by different developmental pathways
Term
parallel evolution (parallelism)
Definition
involve similary developmenatl modifications that evolved independently (often closely related organisms because they are likely to have similar developmental mechanisms to begin with)
Term
Evolutionary reversal
Definition
constitute a return from an "advanced" or derived character state to a more "primitive" or ancestral state
Term
Mosaic Evolution
Definition
evolution of different characters at different rates within a lineage
Term
Individualization
Definition

important evolutionary phenomenon is the acquisition of distinct identities by such units -important basis for mosaic evolution -

-specific types of teeth-incisors, laterals, molars

Term
Heterochrony
Definition
evolutionary change in the timing or rate of developmental events
Term
Paedomorphosis
Definition
evolution of a more "juvenilized" morphology of the reproductive adult
Term
Peramorphosis
Definition
evolution of delayed maturity may result in reproduction at a larger size associated with the extended development of "hyper-adult" features
Term
Allometry
Definition
differential rate of growth of different parts or dimensions of an organisms
Term
Heterotropy
Definition
evolutionary change in the position within an organism at which a phenotypic character is expressed
Term
Adaptive Radiation
Definition
evolutionary divergence of members of a single phylogenetic lineage into a variety of different adaptive forms
Term
macroevolution
Definition
evolution of substantial phenotypic changes-great enough to create new species (branches)
Term
microevolution
Definition
slight short term evolutionary changes within a species
Term
Rhipidistians-lobed fin fishes
Ichthyostega- primitive amphibians
Definition
similarities:
-five supporting basal bones in pelvic fin/hind limb
-dermal skull bones of braincase
-lateral line system of braincase
-similar bones in skulls
Term
Theropod
Definition

dinosaurs which gave rise to birds

-hollow bones

-wish bone (furcula)

-backward pointing pelvis

-3 toed feet

Term
Archaeopteryx
Definition
-evolved from theropod
-intermediate stage btwn reptiles & modern birds
Term
Difference among Archaeopteryx and modern birds- what modern birds have that Archaeopteryx don't
Definition
1. Expanded braincase and fused bones
2. Fusion and reduction of digits
3. Fusion of pelvic bones and vertebrate
4. Reduction in number of tail vertebrae
5. Enlarged, keeled sternum
6. Processes that strengthen the ribs
Term
Origin of Mammals:

synapomorphies of mammals
Definition
-Lactation (not fossilized)
-Single lower jaw bone
-hair
-unique jaw articulation
-three bones in the middle ear
-differentiated teeth
Term
Origin of Cetacea (whales/dolphins)
Definition
Elomeryx- Ambulocetus - Rodhocetus - Dorudon - Phocoena
Term
Elomeryx
Definition
hippolike
-ancestor of cetaceans
Term
Ambulocetus
Definition
-lived in shallow waters, used legs for swimming
-the digits end in small hooves like artiodactyls
Term
Dorudon
Definition
-fully aquatic using tail propulsion-pelvis was disconnected from the vertebral column and the hindlimbs barely projected from the body
Term
Phocoena
Definition
modern harbor porpoise has no residual hindlimb bones
Term
Punctuated Equilibrium
Definition
rapid evolutionary change in the phenotype of a lineage separated by long periods of little change
Term
Phyletic gradualism
Definition
slow, incremental change
Term
Punctuated Gradualism
Definition
-show periods of evolutionary stasis and periods of change
-changes not associated with cladogenesis
-stasis-->gradualism-->stasis
Term
Edicarian fauna
Definition
soft bodied organisms
-proterozoic life before cambrian
-hard to classify with reference to later anmials
Term
Gondwanaland
Definition
-southern landmass of Pangea
Term
Laurasia
Definition
northern land mass of Pangea
Term
Pangea
Definition
single world continent that existed in Paleozoic and Mesozoic
Term
Isthmus of Panama
Definition
-land bride connecting N and S America
-barrier for tropical marine organisms
-great American Interchange-terrestrial
Term
Megafauna
Definition
-during pleistocene epoch - a very high proportion of large-bodied mammals and birds became extinct
-might have succumbed to changes in climate and habitat
-most likely weapon-wielding humans
Term
Mesozoic era
Definition
-Triassic - mass extinction at end
-Jurrasic
-Cretaceous - K/T/ extinction
Term
Endemic
Definition
of a species, restricted to a specific region or locality
Term
Cosmopolitan
Definition
occur worldwide within similar type of climatic region
Term
Disjunct
Definition
occur in different geographic regions
non-continuous
Term
Wallace's Line
Definition
separates islands that, despite their close proximity and similar climate, differ greatly in their fauna because these lithospheric plates came together only recently
Term
Vicariance
Definition
Separation of populations of a widespread species or higher taxa
-fish (certain) have close relatives on other side of Isthmus of Panama
Term
Range Expansion
Definition
movement across expanses of more or less continuous favorable habitat
Term
Jump Dispersal
Definition
Movement across a barrier
Term
Phylogeography
Definition
description and analysis of the process that govern the geographic distribution of lineages of genes, especially within species and among closely related species
Term
Theory of Island Biogeography
-MacArthur and Wilson
-also applies to high altitudes
Definition
number of species on an island is increased by new colonizations but decreased by extinction
-as long as the rate of new colonization exceeds rate of extinction the number of species grows but when rates become equal=equilibrium
Term
Species Richness
Definition
Simple count of species - simplest expression of taxonomic diversity
Term
Red Queen Hypothesis
Definition
Each species has to run (evolve) as fast as possible just to stay in the same place (survive) because its competitors, predators and parasites also continue to evolve
Term
Competitive Displacement
Definition
Later group may have caused the extinction of the earlier group by competition
Term
Incumbent replacement
Definition
Extinction of the incumbent taxon may then have vacated ecological "niche space" permitting the 2nd taxon to radiate
Term
Key adaptation
Definition
adaptation that enables an organism to occupy a substantially new ecological niche often by using a novel resource or habitat
Term
Replicated sister group comparison
Definition
Diversity of a number of clades with a novel character can be compared with the diversity of their sister groups that retain the ancestral character state
Term
Provinciality
Definition
Degree to which the world's biota is partitioned among geographic region
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