Term
|
Definition
| Descent with modification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formation of new species from pre-existing species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Populations separated by a physical barrier and then evolve reproductive barriers |
|
|
Term
| Vicariant Allopatric Speciation |
|
Definition
population is divided into two widespread populations by a physical barrier e.g.
Changes in courses of rivers, Mountainbuilding events, Volcanism, Glaciation Environmental changes |
|
|
Term
| Vicariant Allopatric Speciation examples |
|
Definition
| Separation of snapping shrimp on either side of the isthmus of panama |
|
|
Term
| Peripatric Allopatric Speciation |
|
Definition
a colony disperses from a widespread
population to a new area and evolves
reproductive isolation (genetic drift/founder effect) |
|
|
Term
| Peripatric Allopatric Speciation example |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
strong selection causes a continuous
population to diverge |
|
|
Term
| Parapatric speciation example |
|
Definition
| 2 species of grass growing by mine wastes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Evolution of reproductive isolation within a randomly mating population |
|
|
Term
| Sympatric Speciation example |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two parental species hybridize and produce offspring that can breed with each other, but are reproductively isolated from the parent species |
|
|
Term
| Biological Species Concept |
|
Definition
actually or potentially interbreeding
populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups(a species can breed only with same species) |
|
|
Term
| Biological Species Concept proposed by who and when? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylogenetic Species Concept (PSC) |
|
Definition
| the smallest diagnosable cluster of organisms within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent (Cracraft 1989) |
|
|
Term
| Scala Naturae (proposed by) |
|
Definition
Organisms can be arranged from simple to
complex - most imperfect to most perfect(Aristotle) |
|
|
Term
Founder of modern taxonomy
– felt species were permanent creations
– the system is non-evolutionary |
|
Definition
| Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) |
|
|
Term
-Founder of comparative anatomy
-Founder of Paleontology
-Presented concept of Catastrophism |
|
Definition
| Georges Cuvier (1789-1832) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
catastrophes destroy species that live in
the area and they are then replaced by
other species |
|
|
Term
First to propose Evolution
- Thought Parts of the body that were used a lot would get bigger and these would be passed to offspring. |
|
Definition
| Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) |
|
|
Term
Established the fact of evolution.
Proposed a mechanism for evolution =
Natural Selection |
|
Definition
| Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882) |
|
|
Term
wrote An Essay on Population
-influenced Darwin |
|
Definition
| Thomas Malthus, an economist) |
|
|
Term
| 4 Concepts of Natural Selection: |
|
Definition
1. Individuals within a species vary.
2. Some of these variations are passed
on to offspring.
3. In every generation, more offspring are
produced than can survive.
4. Survival and reproduction are not
random: but naturally selected |
|
|
Term
Wrote Principles of Geology
-influenced Darwin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wrote Evolution of Species (year) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Addition of genetic information to concepts of Evolution |
|
|
Term
| Directional Selection + Example |
|
Definition
Directional selection - shifting phenotypic and genotypic frequencies (One extreme is favored)
Example = Peppered Moth in England. |
|
|
Term
| Stabilizing Selection + example |
|
Definition
| Selection that maintains status quo and eliminates extremes. Example = Gall making fly (medium sized galls survive most) |
|
|
Term
| Disruptive Selection + example |
|
Definition
| selection for both extremes. Example = Seedcracker Finches |
|
|
Term
| Difference between natural selection and genetic drift |
|
Definition
| Natural Selection is non-random and drift is random sorting of heritable characters. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the evolutionary history of a group of organisms represented in a tree shaped diagram |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phylogenetic tree or Phylogeny |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Similarity from common ancestry. Example = hand of human and wing of bat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
independent evolution of similar character
in two or more lineages. Example = Sharks and Whales |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
reversion to an ancestral form of a
character due to selection or mutation. Example = Fish to Mammal to Dolphin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Similarities caused by Reversal and Convergence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minimizes the number of evolutionary changes that occur; minimizes the number of homoplasies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shared, derived feature. Example = flight feathers are a synapomorphy for birds. lactation and hair are synapomorphies of mammals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Speciation caused by differing number of chromosomes in offspring |
|
|
Term
| Individualization + Examples |
|
Definition
| structures are uniform and repeated, they develop into the same form. Example = legs in some insects, leaves of a tree |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
evolutionary change in development
where features acquire more independent
genetic control(characteristics that may be coupled may be separated) ex= bill size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an evolutionary change in the timing or rate of developmental events. |
|
|
Term
| Allometric growth + example |
|
Definition
| Some body parts may grow at different rates than others. ex = elks antlers. Human body vs head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genes that control spacial positioning of structures (where appendages develop etc) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sterile or nearly sterile
individuals (workers) rear offspring and have altruistic behaviors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| natural selection that favors the spread of alleles that increase indirect fitness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
females more closely related to sisters
than to daughter (r = 0.75) |
|
|
Term
| Congruent phylogenies + ex |
|
Definition
| parallel origin and diversification/speciation. Example = aphids and endosymbiont bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Incongruent phylogenies + ex |
|
Definition
| parasite host switching or horizontal transfer. Ex = chewing lice and pocket gophers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - 2 organisms evolve together and help eachother. Ex = Orchid and long tongue moth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
One or more species gain protection from predators from their resemblance to one another. Ex = Red-spotted purple butterfly resembles
distasteful swallowtail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2+ unpalatable species are co-mimics. Example = mimicry ring of moths. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| partitioning of resources among different species. ex = lizards with different characteristics live in different parts of trees. |
|
|
