He focused on inheritance of acquired characteristics.

Independent origins of life and linear progression.

He was a geologist that advanced uniformitarianism which is the idea that history repeats itself.

Darwin and Wallace ideas of evolution via natural selection would stem from Lyell's idea of uniformitarianism.

Is the theory that Lyell advanced that geological processes that we observe today have operated over vast stretches of time and explain the geology of the part and the present.

The major geo. features now are like the same geo. features of the past.

Malthus influence Darwin.

He had the idea of diminishing returns. Specifically pop'n grow exponentially and food source grows linearly, so eventually pop'ns will run out of food. Darwin realized that this idea could be applied to plants, animals, and human pop'n. Influenced Darwin and Wallace b.c Darwin now has a mechanism. Combined with variation among individuals, struggle leads to natural selection.

is the pattern of relatedness among evolutionary units such as individuals, genes, pop'ns or species

serves as the null model for the studies of allele frequencies and genotype freqs. in pop'ns.

5 assumptions

1. random mating(genotype freqs. given by allele freqs.

2. no differential survival

3. no mutation(no change in allele freqs. across genes)

4. infinite pop'n size

5. no migration

This model examines a trait encoded by a single locus with 2 alleles A1 and A2 to produce 3 genotypesA1A1,A1A2, and A2A2.

1. evolution will only take place if we violate one of the assumptions of the H-W model.

2. Under random mating, we expect the genotype freqs. from the allele frequencies

3. even if a pop'n is not currently at equilibrium, it can reach H-W equilibrium in 1 generation if assumptions are met.

calculate genotype freqs. by using (p^2+2pq+q^2)

when one allele is consistently favored over another which is freq. independent selection. Selection drive allele freqs. in a single diretion, toward an increasing freq. of the favored allele. Eventually the favored allele will become fixed in a pop'n and it will replace all other alternative allele at the same locus. When an allele becomes fixed then it is said to reach fixation. Recombination can bring the allel together with another gene, the 2 of them together can go to fixation fast.

there are 2 ways to change

1. if we think about one gene at a time, then it can change id the speed on how fast the alleles change(S)

2. dominace pattern can also affect the frequency.

is the random fluctuation in allele freqs. over time due to sampling effects infinite pop'ns. There are 3 consequences

1. in a finite pop'n, allele freqs. fluctuate over time, even in the absence of natural selection

2. some alleles are fixed, others are lost, and the fraction of heterozygotes in the pop'n decreases over time.

3. Separate pop'ns diverge intheir allele frequencies and in terms of which alleles are present.

1.removing genetic variation form pop'ns decreasing heterozygousity

2.influencing the probabilty of survival of new mutations

3. acting in conjunction with migration to shift allele frequencies of pop'ns that are newly founded

4. acting during times of reduced pop'n size to shift allele frequencies

when pop'ns will fluctuate in size over time for an example to climate change

when a pop'n is small, genetic drift will have a larger effect for example increasing the rate at which heterozygousity is lost.

The effective pop'n size iod an actual pop'n is the number of indiviudals in an idealized pop'n(every adult reproduces)that would have the samw amount of genetic drift(measured by decreasing H) as the actual pop'n.

is the coloniztion of islands typically happens by a small # of individuals

The initial allele frequencies can differ from the source pop'n simply on the basis of which individuals fo the colonization. and insular pop'ns are ussually conducive to drift.

When statistical associations are present between alleles at the A locus and B locus, then there is linkage disequilibrium.

Migration, mutation, selection,and drift all make this possible, but recombination breaks it down. Physical linkage maintains LD.

 R=h^2S

The mean trait value that is the avg phenotype of a continuously valued trait that changes over time as a consequence of natural selection. It relates the narrow sense heritability, the strength of selection measured as S and the consequences of selection measured as R.