Term
|
Definition
An ancestral character state shared by two or more taxa
Remember that synapomorphies are:
– Shared derived characters
– They are shared by some species and are similar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Simplest form of cladistic analysis
An outgroup is an organism that is considered not to be part of the group in question, but is closely related to the group
The character state of the ‘in group’ is compared to a closely related group that branches off earlier (i.e.the out group) |
|
|
Term
| Jukes Cantor Assumptions Make the theory unrealistic. give the assumptions (6) |
|
Definition
All substitutions equally likely, treated the same, and there's only a single substitution type.
2. The frequencies of the nucleotides are assumed to be equal--sites are composed of 25% of each nucleotide.
3. All sites have the same probability of substitution and evolve at the same rate.
4. The rate of substitution is constant through time.
5. Sites are independent.
6. The probability of a site changing is not dependent on its history (a Markov process). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a substitution model describes the process from which a sequence of characters changes into another set of traits |
|
|
Term
| Define Minimum Evolution Methods |
|
Definition
| a principle of phylogenetic reconstruction based on minimization of the sum of the lengths of tree branches. From all possible tree topologies over a defined set of taxa, the minimum evolution topology is the one that requires the shortest overall branch lengths. |
|
|
Term
| Flaw in Minimum Evolution Method |
|
Definition
| estimate has many possible biases and therefore will not be the true topology |
|
|
Term
| waht does the bootstrap method represent? |
|
Definition
It is a statistical analysis to the interior branches of a given topology
It estimates variability and bias |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phylogenetic tree that shows the evolutionary relationships between a group of genes or other DNA sequences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phylogenetic tree that shows the evolutionary relationships between a group of species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A tree that can be constructed by using infinitely long sequences or the expected number of substitutions for each branch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number given for each branch represents the number of substitutions that actually occurred for that branch |
|
|
Term
| how is sexual selection measured |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. Sexual selection is a special form of natural selection based on an organism’s ability to mate.
i. Selection of a mate based on mannerisms or traits
ii. Observed by Charles Darwin |
|
|
Term
| Pattern of investment male vs. female make in offspring & what does that result in |
|
Definition
a. Time and energy put into to make and raise a baby
b. Typically females invest more
c. Results in quality vs quantity: the parent who has to invest more tends to have less offspring but the ones they do have withhold their traits and so to insure their offspring mate and carry out the parental genes they make sure their children are taught survival tools needed. |
|
|
Term
| Intrasexual selection & example |
|
Definition
Occurs between members of the same sex over access to members of the opposite sex
two males in a dominance fight for the female |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs between both sexes when one sex (usually male) is trying to mate with the other
Example: the bird of paradise dancing to attract a mate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Females prefer a certain male trait and this preference is inherited by her offspring. Her daughters inherit the preference for the trait and her sons inherit the trait of interest. Causing a positive feedback loop. This is also known as the ‘Sexy Sons Hypothesis’. |
|
|
Term
| Outcomes of female choice |
|
Definition
| More fit offspring for the choosey female |
|
|
Term
| when sexual selection would be stronger in females |
|
Definition
| When the males invest more—if the male will take care of the children and not the females. |
|
|
Term
| factors that effect reproductive sucess in males and females |
|
Definition
| Breeding with multiple partners |
|
|
