Term
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Definition
| The creation and changing of earth is due to catastrophic events |
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Term
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Definition
-early western culture thought species were fixed and eternal
-one perfect fixed definition, image, genetic of each species
-Aristotle supported Eidos |
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Term
| Copernicus and Galileo: Scientific Revolution |
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Definition
Heliocentric Theory: Earth was not central to sun and stars
Galileo came up with the calculations to prove the heliocentric theory |
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Term
| Lyell's Contributions to evolutionary thinking |
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Definition
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Term
| Malthus' contributions to evolutionary thinking |
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Definition
| Theory on population growth and resource limitations |
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Term
| Smith's contributions to evolutionary thinking |
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Definition
| Capitalism and competition: exploit and conquer |
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Term
| Linneaus' contributions to evolutionary thinking |
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Definition
Father of modern taxonomy
Hierarchical taxonomy |
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Term
| Lamarck's contributions to evolutionary thinking |
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Definition
Got the point of evolution, but the mechanism wrong
-behavioral changes do not lead to genetic changes |
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Term
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Definition
The Great Chain of Being
-Supported by essentialism
-Ranked animals and humans on a ladder |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How did the voyage of Beagle influence Darwin? |
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Definition
Biogeography: South America; Galapagos
-Saw finches from one area were different than finches in another area, had same ancestors.
Fossils:
Geology: Documented evidence for the phenomenon mentioned by Lyell's book |
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Term
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Definition
Change through time
Evolution of new species occurs via descent within modification of existing species and the mechanism for this is natural selection |
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Term
Natural Selection
2 Components of Natural Selection |
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Definition
Theory: Struggle for existence and the survival of the fittest
Fitness: Ability of an individual to produce offspring
Adaptation: Any trait that increases fitness |
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Term
| How Fossils support Evolution |
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Definition
| Physical trace of organisms that lived in the past |
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Term
| How Vestigial Traits support Evolution |
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Definition
-An organ/characteristic that was useful to their ancestors, but not the current taxa
-has seemingly lost its function but still exists
-no more environmental pressure for the organ's function |
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Term
| Experiments in support of Evolution |
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Definition
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Term
| Homologous Traits for Evolution |
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Definition
A trait inherited from a common ancestor
Anatomical: bones of the arm in diff species
Embryological: embryos of diff. species look similar
Molecular: ? |
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Term
| Vertical Evolution of genomes |
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Definition
| decent of genes from parents through process of paralogs and orthologs. |
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Term
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Definition
| incorporates genetic material from parents' background and other species |
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Term
| Microevolutionary processes: concept of gene - locus, allele |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Example of Hardy-Weinberg Equation |
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Definition
60% AA
20% aa
20%Aa
FrqA: (60*2)+(20*.5)=130/180
Frqa: (20*2)+(20*.5)=50/180 |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium Assumptions |
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Definition
-no genetic drift
-no mutation
-random mating
-large population size
-no natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Concept of genetic diversity (single gene or entire gene pool) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-An evolutionary trend towards one extreme
-changes in characteristics of a population by favoring individuals that vary in one direction from the mean |
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Term
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Definition
-mean does not change, but variation is reduced
-when an environment requires a perfect trait/favors the average individual |
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Term
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Definition
-variation from the mean is increased
-changes in the characteristics of a population by favoring individuals that vary in opposite directions from the mean of the population |
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Term
| Sexual Selection: Female choice |
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Definition
| When males need to prove fitness to female mates |
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Term
| Sexual Selection: Male-male competition |
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Definition
| When males fight to determine dominance and strength to win female mate |
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Term
| Balancing Polymorphism: Heterozygote Advantage |
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Definition
| Heterozygote advantage is creating more variation, reducing the risk of matching genes that have a disadvantage. |
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Term
| Balancing Polymorphism: Negative Frequency Selection |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| genetic drift is the change in the relative frequency in which a gene variant (allele) occurs in a population due to random sampling and chance |
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Term
| Genetic drift: Founder effect |
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Definition
Island effect: when a small sample of a population colonizes a new region
-very little genetic variation in gene pool. Everything will be amplified |
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Term
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Definition
| reduced genetic variation due to reduced population. A particular allele frequency becomes much larger now that the population is smaller |
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Term
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Definition
| the transfer of alleles of genes from one population to another |
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Term
| Gene flow effect on genetic diversity for donor and recipient populations |
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Definition
| Recipient population gets new alleles mixed into the gene pool. Donor population loses alleles and ultimately becomes a shrunken population. |
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Term
| How does mutation alter allele frequency? |
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Definition
| the frequency of a non-mutated allele decreases (and the frequency of mutated allele increases) by an amount that is proportional to the mutation rate and to the proportion of all the genes that are still available to mutate. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Inbreeding: effects on allele frequencies vs. genotypes in population, inbreeding depression |
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Definition
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Term
| Concepts of species: biologically, morphospecies, phylogenetic, ecologically |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Zygote never forms
-disruptions: temporal (bad timing), spatial (wrong place)
-Gamete barrier: can't fuse together
-Mechanical: physically cannot mate
-Behavioral: incompatibility |
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Term
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Definition
The zygote formed is not viable
-hybrid viability: zygote fails to survive
-hybrid sterility: offspring is sterile |
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Term
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Definition
-Geographically isolated
-gene flow ceases between them
-diverge genetically (env pressures&mutation)
-Dispersal/Colonization: small # individuals disperse to a new place
Vicariance: large population splits into 2 or more sub-pop |
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Term
Sympatric Speciation
4 mechanisms |
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Definition
Natural selection overwhelms gene flow
1)Spatial isolation: microenvironment within an area
2)Temporal: some decide to wake at night, others at day
3)Behavioral: Just decide not to interact
4)Polyploidy: instant speciation within 1 generation |
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Term
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Definition
| -Narrow hybrid zone: selection favors each pop. separate, but an area of high interbreeding |
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Term
| Consequences of hybrid formation |
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Definition
-New species when hybrid is more fit than one parent
-nonviable hybrid; dies out |
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Term
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Definition
| evolution happened from short rapid change |
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Term
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Definition
| evolution happened constantly, ever-changing, through time |
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Term
| Evolutionary-Developmental Biology |
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Definition
the interdisciplinary approach: paleontology, anatomy, developmental biology
attempts to explain rapid development of new body plans |
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Term
| Homeotic genes (hox genes) |
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Definition
-a group of genes that specify the anterior and posterior segments of animals
-specialized gene for a specific part of an organism's structure |
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Term
| Mutations affecting spatial/temporal expression of regulatory genes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| genes that control the expression and suppression of other genes |
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Term
| Gremlin in chicken vs duck feet |
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Definition
-in duck feet
-suppresses a gene that degenerates web feet
-web feet ducks, not claw feet chickens
-Embryos of duck and chicken had web feet
-Lack of gremlin expression allows a gene to degenerate webs, causing only toes |
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Term
| Ubx in arthropod appendages |
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Definition
-controls wing formation in insects
-represses the development of limbs |
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Term
| Hox d11 expression in fish vs limb buds |
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Definition
-mouse limbs and fish fins form from limb buds in embryos
-hox d11 controls limb growth direction
-Fish fin only express hoxd-11 and shh in rear of limb bud and early
-Mouse limb initially similar but there is additional expression in head-tail axis later in development (slight alterations in gene expression causes big difference)
-kitchen pantry ingredients, slight diff use of one ingredient, can makes a totally different dish |
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Term
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Definition
-differences in growth rates
-chimp's skull growth is slower than jaw growth
-human's skull grows faster than jaw growth |
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Term
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Definition
| Maintaining juvenile features into adulthood |
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Term
| Pax6 in mice vs eyeless in flies |
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Definition
-pax6 gene and eyeless gene are orthologs
-mutation in pax6 in eyeless flies -> eyeless
-Proof: putting pax6 in flies turned on eye-making genes -> grew an eye |
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Term
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Definition
-A diagram that portrays the evolutionary relatedness of species
Nodes:
Tips:
Root:
Outgroup:
Ingroup:
Sister taxa:
Polytomy: |
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Term
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Definition
| A collective of species that consists of the ancestors and all its descendants |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups of species with different common ancestors. |
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Term
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Definition
| group of species with a common ancestor but only some of its descendants |
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Term
| Adaptive Radiation: Causes; effects on phylogenetic trees |
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Definition
-Rapid speciation
-Causes: mass extinction; morphological innovation; colonization event
---Due to extinction of competitors, leaves habitats and resources open for others to flourish
---A new morphology allows for new resources to be exploited
---The discovery of a habitat unoccupied by competitors allows for colonization |
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Term
| Fossils: what is it, biases associated with fossils |
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Definition
Preserved rock, imprint, bones
Only hard structures were preserved; jelly bodies did not leave fossils |
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Term
| Organic, compressed, cast, vs permineralized fossils |
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Definition
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Term
| Molecular clock, uses & limitations |
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Definition
Tool for estimating phylogeny
-Rate of new alleles/DNA are formed is constant
-genotype mutations
-know rate of mutation
-look at how diff two lineage are
-back calculate when they diverged
-limitations: not all species have same generation time and if mutation affects phenotype, timing is off. |
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Term
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Definition
Cladogram: Most plausible tree
Phylogeny: description of the evolutionary history of relationships among organisms |
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Term
| Sympleisomorphy vs. synapomorphy |
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Definition
Synapomorphy: traits in groups of organism derived from a recent common ancestor, and not earlier than that
Sympleismorphy: a trait shared with sister taxa, and other taxa revealing a very early ancestor to all taxa with that trait |
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Term
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Definition
Outgroup: taxon that diverged prior to the most ancient node on a tree.
Ingroup: All organism that share a common trait that do have known nodes and ancestors
-EX: Jaws. Animals with jaws are ingroup, animals without jaws are outgroup |
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Term
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Definition
| Independently evolved traits subjected to similar selection pressures may become superficially similar |
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Term
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Definition
| When a species begins to form traits that belonged to their ancestors, again, for whatever reason |
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Term
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Definition
| Mix: Energy Ammonia hydrogen sulfide Methane sea water Formed: electrical activity that catalyzed basic amino acid molecules |
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Term
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Definition
1)Primordial soup
2)organic polymers
3)protobionts
4)Chemical selection
5)RNA superceded by DNA |
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Term
| Possible Formations of primordial soup |
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Definition
1-reducing atmosphere: due to accumulation of rich ammonia, hydrogen, methane atmosphere, formed organic molecules in oceans
2-Extraterrestrial: organic compounds delivered via meteorite/astroids
3-Deep Sea Vents: volcanoes underwater forming ammonia and hydrogen sulfide |
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Term
| Formation of organic polymers |
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Definition
Clay surfaces served as templates for first RNA or amino acid to form
-sediment that have tar attracted molecules together to make polymers |
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Term
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Definition
Protobiont: bubbles that had cell-like capacities
-boundary!
Structurally like living cells
-polymers inside
-enzymatic action
-can replicate! |
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Term
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Definition
-New protobionts with enhanced enzymatic or replicating abilities would persist over those without
-RNA probably served both an information storage and catalytic role |
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Term
| RNA world became DNA world |
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Definition
DNA was better than RNA
-first nucleic acid
-DNA was protein-better catalyst and info storage
-DNA was more stable because of double helix
-DNA separated storage and catalytic roles becoming more efficient
-Software analogy |
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Term
| Major Eons of Earth's History |
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Definition
a billion yrs
Hadean -> Archaen -> Proterozoic -> Phanerozoic |
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Term
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Definition
| Formation of primordial soup and protobionts |
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Term
| Archaen eon (precambrian) |
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Definition
Origin of life
-radiation of prokaryotes (cells without nucleus) |
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Term
| Proterozoic eon (precambrian) |
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Definition
Origin and radiation of eukaryotes
-simple multicellular organisms formed |
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Term
| Major Events of the Precambrian |
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Definition
-Origin and radiation of prokaryotes
-Origin and radiation of eukaryotes
-Increase O2 in atmosphere
-First simple multi-cellular organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Radiation and diversification of complex multicellular organisms |
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Term
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Definition
-Sudden appearance and diversification of all major phyla
-565mya
-simple multicellular animals appear at the start of the paleozoic
-within 40my, almost all major animal phyla appear |
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Term
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Definition
-Oldest 580-570mya
-southern China
-microscopic sponges and embryos
-likely all filter feeders |
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Term
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Definition
-560-540mya
-southern Australia
-sponges, jellies, comb-jellies, burrows and tracks (imprints)
-No hard shells, limbs or heads with feeding appendages |
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Term
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Definition
-British Columbia 525-515mya
-Abundant sponges, jellies, comb jellies
-Brand new animals with eyes, mouths, limbs, shells, and with feeding appendages |
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Term
| Major milestones of the Paleozoic |
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Definition
Cambrian Explosion
Fern forests
Amphibians, reptiles insects
Permian Extinction |
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Term
| Major milestones of the Mesozoic |
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Definition
First dinosaurs
First flowering plants
then cretaceous extinction |
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Term
| Major milestones of the Cenozoic |
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Definition
*Radiation of mammals
Appearance of hominids |
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Term
Mass extinctions
-Concepts
-causes
-Consequences |
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Definition
~60% loss of species
Within 1million yrs
caused by drastic climate shifts/volcanic eruptions and lava flow/extraterrestrial impacts
Consequence: open resource space for surviving species to flourish and fill |
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Term
| Earth’s major mass extinctions |
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Definition
1 major extinction known from proterozoic
5 major extinction known from phanerozoic |
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Term
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Definition
650mya
70% flora fauna perished
extreme glaciation |
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Term
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Definition
440-450mya
2nd biggest (marine taxa) extinction
Mass glaciation
drastic drop in sea level |
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Term
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Definition
-330mya
-mainly affected marine taxa
-newly emerged terrestrial fauna were unaffected
-unknown cause: possible meteor impact or glaciation |
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Term
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Definition
248mya
largest of all extinctions
90-95% of marine taxa lost
2 possible causes: climate shift; mass volcanic eruption |
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Term
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Definition
200mya
50% marine lost
uncertain terrestrial effects
cause: extreme volcanic activity associated with birth of the Atlantic, or meteor |
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Term
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Definition
65mya
85% species lost
-dinosaurs and marine reptile extinct
-mammals, birds, amphibians, and land reptiles were unaffected
-Causes: massive meteor impact in Yucatan (iridium from meteor rocks found in cretaceous rocks) |
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Term
| Consequences of Permian and Cretaceous extinction |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-a gene present in multiple species that came from/was present in a common ancestor
-speciation made them into 2 species, but the gene is the same in both those species |
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Term
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Definition
| -genes that are duplicates of orthologs, made a copy to fill another gene's role that may or may not have a new function |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Any taxon that consists of all the evolutionary descendants of a common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
similar traits with independent origins
e.g wings of bats and birds
result of convergent evolution |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Fauna: all animals in a particular region
Flora: all plants in a particular region |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA sequence at a given locus (a point on the chromosome) |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumptions |
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Definition
-Mating is random
-population size is infinite
-No gene flow (no migration allele)
-No mutation
-natural selection does not effect the survival of particular genotype |
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