Term
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Definition
| Evolutionary changes leading to the formation of new species and the origin and diversification of species groupings. |
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Term
| What are the 2 basic patterns of macroevolutionary change? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Changes within a single lineage |
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Term
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Definition
| Splitting of a lineage into 2 separate lineages |
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Term
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Definition
| Formation of a new species |
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Term
| What is a species according to the Biological Species Concept? |
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Definition
| A population/group whose members can potentially interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring with one another but cannot produce viable fertile offspring with members of a different species |
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Term
| What is a Reproductive Isolating Mechanism (RIM)? |
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Definition
| Any biological feature of a species that prevents interbreeding or full genetic exchange between species |
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Term
| What are the 2 basic types of RIM's? |
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Definition
| Prezygotic and Postzygotic barriers |
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Term
| What are 5 examples of prezygotic barriers? |
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Definition
- Habitat Isolation
- Behavioral Isolation
- Temporal Isolation
- Mechanical Isolation
- Gametic Isolation
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Term
| What are 3 examples of postzygotic barriers? |
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Definition
- Reduced hybrid viability
- Reduced hybrud fertility
- Hybrid breakdown
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Term
| What is reproductive isolation? |
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Definition
| Isolation of gene pools and therefore the separation of evolutionary pathways |
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Term
| What are 2 modes of reproductive isolation? |
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Definition
| Allopatric and Sympatric speciation |
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Term
| What does it mean to be sympatric? |
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Definition
| Occurring in the same geographic region |
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Term
| What does it mean to be allopatric? |
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Definition
| Occurring in different areas; being geographically separated |
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Term
| Describe habitat isolation |
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Definition
| Species breed in different habitats and therefore do no encounter eachother during the breeding season |
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Term
| Describe behavioral isolation |
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Definition
Species do not interbreed because differences exist in behaviors involved in recognizing/attracting mates
EX: Vocalization, signals involoved in courtship |
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Term
| Describe temporal isolation |
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Definition
| Species differ in the time of year (season) or time of day that breeding or flowering occurs |
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Term
| Describe mechanical isolation |
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Definition
| A structural difference in the reproductive organs prevent copulation/pollen transfer between species |
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Term
| Describe gametic isolation |
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Definition
| Occurs when gametes of different species fail to unite, or sperm/pollen of one species isn't viable in the female reproductive tract |
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Term
| Describe reduced hybrid viability |
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Definition
| A zygote/individual can be produced, but will not be viable, meaning the individual was produced under high genetic incompatibility and will not be likely to survive |
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Term
| What is the likely cause of reduced hybrid fertility? |
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Definition
| Problems in meiosis because of differences in chromosome number or structure |
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Term
| Describe hybrid breakdown |
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Definition
| Hybrids survive and can reproduce with eachother or with either if the parental species, but their offspring will have reduced viability and/or fertility. |
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Term
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Definition
| Population that is distributed around some geographic barrier such that they form a series of overlapping divergent populations |
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Term
| What is sympatric speciation? |
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Definition
| A new species arises within a parent population |
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Term
| Is sympatric speciation common or rare in plants and animals? |
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Definition
Plants: Relatively common
Animals: Relatively rare |
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Term
| What does it mean to be polyploidy? |
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Definition
| Having more than 2 sets of chromosomes |
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Term
What are the 2 classes of polyploids?
Describe them |
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Definition
Autopolyploid: polyploid species in which all chromosome sets were initially derived from a single ancestral species
Allopolyploid: polyploid species in which chromosome sets were initially derived from 2 different ancestral species |
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Term
| What is an evolutionary novelty? |
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Definition
| New, significantly different morphological trait |
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Term
| What are examples of evolutionary novelties in vertebrates? |
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Definition
- Vertebral Column
- Jaws
- Four walking legs
- Amniotic Egg
- Hair
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Term
| What are examples of evolutionary novelties in plants? |
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Definition
- Terrestrial lifestyle
- Vascular tissue
- Seeds
- Flowers
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Term
| What are 2 things that can be said about the evolution of morphological novelties? |
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Definition
- May evolve as the cumulative result of small changes in preexisting structures over long periods of time
- Small changes in developmental genes can lead to major morphological changes rapidly
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Term
| What does "evo-devo" mean? |
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Definition
| Refers to the field of interdisciplinary research that examines how slight genetic divergences can become magnified into major morphological differences between species |
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Term
| What is the particular focus of the "evo-devo" concept? |
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Definition
| Developmental genes that control the rate, timing an spatial pattern of changes in form as an organism develops from a zygote to an adult |
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Term
| What are 4 important concepts related to development and evolution? |
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Definition
- Allometric growth
- Heterochrony
- Paedomorphosis
- Hox Genes
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Term
| What is allometric growth? |
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Definition
| Refers to growth that involves differences in growth rates of different body parts leading to changes in the relative sizes of those parts (changes in proportion) |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolution of morphology that arises by a modification in allometric growth which results in evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events |
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Term
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Definition
| Heterchrony that involves changes in the devlopmental rate of reproductive organs compared to non reproductive organs |
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Term
| What is the result of paedomorphosis? |
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Definition
| Sexually mature adults that have a "juvenile" body form |
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Term
| What are homeotic (HOX) genes? |
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Definition
| Genes that control the placement and spatial organization of body parts during development |
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Term
| What are 3 examples of heterochrony? |
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Definition
- Skull shape in chimpanzees vs. humans
- Salamander feet: toed vs. web footed
- Paedomorphosis in salamanders
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Term
| What group evolved from the duplication of HOX genes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Fossils associated with a certain strata |
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Term
| What is the Law of Superposition? |
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Definition
| In a series of sedimentary strata, the oldest rocks are at the bottom and the younger rocks are at the top |
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Term
| Why is the Law of Superposition important? |
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Definition
| Provides a means of relative dating of strata and the fossils they contain |
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Term
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Definition
| Tells us the order in which fossil species arose, but does not tell us the absolute time |
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Term
| What is radiometric dating? |
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Definition
| Method used most often to determine the absolute ages of fossils |
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Term
| What 3 factors does radiometric dating rely on? |
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Definition
- Knowledge of radioactive isotopes and their decay products
- Knowledge of the rate of decay of the isotopes (half-lifes)
- Constancy of decay rates
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Term
| What is continental drift? |
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Definition
| Continental land masses are not fixed in position, but rather are moving over geological time scales |
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Term
| What effects has continental drift had? |
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Definition
| Changes in climate, distribution/origins of species, and evolutionary episodes such as mass extinction and adaptive radiations |
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Term
| What are plate tectonics? |
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Definition
| Geological processes resulting from the movement of continents |
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Term
| What 4 points does the fossil record tell us about the history of life? |
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Definition
- Origin and radiation of major taxa
- Mass extinctions
- Rates of evolution
- Nature of macroevolutionary trends
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Term
| What effect did the Permian mass extinction have? |
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Definition
| Claimed about 90% of marine species and about 1/3 of Permian insects didn't make it to the next geological period |
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Term
| What were proposed causes of the Permian mass extinction? |
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Definition
| Continental drift, volcanic eruptions, changes in ocean circulation patterns |
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Term
| What was the cretaceous mass extinction? |
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Definition
| Half the marine species became extinct, many terrestrial plants and dinosaurs became extinct |
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Term
| What are the 3 main hypotheses for the cretaceous mass extinction? |
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Definition
- Climate became cooler
- Volcanic activity in India
- The impact hypothesis
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Term
| What is the impact hypothesis? |
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Definition
| Impact of an asteroid lead to a firestorm and.or debris clouds that blocked sunlight and severely disturbed the climate for several months |
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Term
| What evidence is there for the impact theory? |
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Definition
| A crater in the Gulf of Mexico was found to have a layer of Iridium, indicating extraterrestrial impact |
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Term
| What are 2 views on the rates of macroevolution? |
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Definition
| Gradualism and Punctuated Equillibrium |
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Term
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Definition
| Rates are slow and constant |
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Term
| What is Punctuated equillibrium? |
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Definition
Evolutionary rates are highly variable;
long periods of little change interrupted with short periods of rapid change |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolutionary history of a species or group of species |
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Term
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Definition
| Group of species that includes an ancestor and all descendants from that ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| Group of species that share some degree of overall morphological similarity and are distinct in appearance from other such groups |
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Term
| What does it mean to be monophyletic? |
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Definition
| Taxon that includes an ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor |
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Term
| What does it mean to be paraphyletic? |
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Definition
| A taxon that includes an ancestor and some of the descendants of that ancestor |
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Term
| What does it mean to be polyphyletic? |
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Definition
| A taxon whose members are derived from 2 or more ancestors not common to all members of the taxon |
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Term
| What are the 4 approaches to phylogeny? |
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Definition
- Typological Essentialism
- Phnetics
- Evolutionsry Classification (Systematics)
- Cladistics
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Term
| Describe Typological Essentialism |
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Definition
Non evolutionary based, represents the "essence" of the organism and the overall similarity in those characters
Used by Linnaeus, no longer considered valid |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on statistical measures of overall similarity using as many characters as possible and considering all characters as equally imoirtant; overall similarity should reflect phylogeny |
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Term
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Definition
| Classification based on evolutionary ideas, used by Darwin |
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Term
| Who was the founder of cladistics? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Taxa composition must accurately reflect evolutionary relationships |
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Term
| What is character in regards to cladistics? |
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Definition
| Any heritable trait possessed by an organism |
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Term
| How is cladistics analysis performed? |
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Definition
| It's done by identifying similarities among organisms that are based on common ancestry and constructing cladograms based on the sharing of those similarities among taxa |
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Term
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Definition
| Relatively primitive or ancestral character state |
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Term
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Definition
Ancestral character state shared by 2 or more terminal taxa
Not helpful in determining relationships among taxa |
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Term
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Definition
| Relatively derived or changed character state |
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Term
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Definition
Derived character state shared by 2 or more terminal taxa
Helps determine relationship among terminal taxa |
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Term
| What are 4 characters used in cladistic analysis? |
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Definition
- Morphological
- Behavioral
- Physiological
- Molecular
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Term
| What are orthologous genes? |
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Definition
| Homologous genes that have evolved differences in different species because of speciation |
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Term
| What are paralogous genes? |
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Definition
| Resulting from gene duplication, make up the olfactory gene family in humans and have diverged from eachother during our long evolutionary history |
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