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| The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection |
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| Presented by Charles Darwin in “On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection”, which proposed a theory of how species change over time (first written in 1844). |
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A theory is an explanation or model based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning.
It has been tested and confirmed as a general principle helping to explain and predict natural phenomena. |
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Patterns of Diversity
–On a single hike in a Brazilian forest he collected 68 different species of beetles.
•Living Organisms and Fossils
–Fossil: the preserved remains of organisms
–Why have some species disappeared while others survived?
•The Galapagos Islands
–Darwin noticed that the characteristics of many animals and plants (tortoises and finches) varied noticeably among the different islands. |
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| What Shaped Darwin’s Thinking |
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| Credit needs to be given to discoveries and ideas of previous scientists. |
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| An Ancient Changing Earth |
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James Hutton: geologist, circa 1795
–Looking at the layering of soils through deposition, uplift, and erosion, he proposed that the earth must be much more than a few thousand years old.
•Charles Lyell: geologist, circa 1833
–In “Principles of Geology” he used examples of earthquakes, volcanoes, and flooding, and proposed that the geology of the earth is changing slowly.
–Darwin brought the first volume of this book on his journey. |
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| Lamarck's Theory of Evolution |
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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: French naturalist, circa 1809
–He proposed that by selective use or disuse of organs, organisms acquired or lost certain traits during their lifetime. These traits could be passed on. |
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Thomas Malthus: political economist, circa 1798
–In “Essays on the Principles of Population,” he proposed the idea that if the human population continued to grow unchecked, sooner or later there would be insufficient living space and food for everyone.
–Hence, there is a struggle for survival. |
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| In his 1858 presentation and 1859 publication of On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection Darwin tried to explain what he saw and proposed a theory of how species change over time. •In 1858, Alfred Wallace presents a paper speculating on evolution by natural selection. •Darwin and Wallace present their ideas together at the Linnaean Society on June 30, 1858 |
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| Mutations and Natural Variation |
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| Artificial Selection involves selective breeding of organisms that have natural variations or traits to produce organisms with desirable traits. •The variations needed for the origin of structural and physiological adaptations to occur are provided by mutations. •Mutations occur because of the introduction of new variations through mistakes in DNA replication. |
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| Evolution by Natural Selection |
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Definition
Struggle for Existence: species regularly compete for food and living space
•Fitness: the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in a specific environment
•Adaptation: the evolution of structural, internal, and behavioral features that help an organism better survive in an environment and increase its fitness. |
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If individuals in a population have different numbers of offspring.
•If there is variation in the features of individuals within a population.
•If some of the variation can be inherited by offspring. |
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| Evolution by Natural Selection |
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Definition
Individuals that are better suited, or have a higher level of fitness, survive and reproduce successfully - Survival of the Fittest or…
•Natural Selection: the process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully
Descent with modification: each species has descended, with changes, from other species over time.
•Common descent: If we look back far enough, all species, living or extinct, were derived from common ancestors. |
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Indirect Evidence for Evolution
•Fossils |
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| Provide a record of evolutionary intermediates |
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Indirect Evidence for Evolution
Geographic distribution of living species |
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Species adapting to local environments
–Example: Darwin’s islands finches from the mainland |
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Indirect Evidence for Evolution
•Homologous structures: |
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Structural features with a common evolutionary origin
–Example: hair & horn, ear bones & gill arch, wings & forelimbs
–Analogous structures are body parts of an organism that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in function. Examples: butterfly wings & bird wings. |
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Indirect Evidence for Evolution
•Early development and anatomy |
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Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
–Example: bird, reptile, and mammal gills & tails as embryos |
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Indirect Evidence for Evolution
Vestigial structures: |
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body structure that has no function in a present day organism but must have been adaptive to an ancestor
–Example: tail bone in humans, blind mole rats, wings of flightless birds |
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Indirect Evidence for Evolution
•DNA: |
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Provides genetic evidence of similarities between organisms
–The study is called cladistics |
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| Homologous Body Structures |
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Definition
Turtle
Alligator
Bird
Mammals |
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Concept Map
Evidence of Evolution |
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The fossil record which is composed of physical remains of organisms.
Geographic distribution of living species which indicates Common ancestral species
Homologous body structures which implies Similar genes
Similarities in early development which
implies Similar genes |
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| Direct Evidence for Evolution |
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Bacterial resistance
•Coloring of moths changes in response to air pollution
•Pesticide resistance
•HIV resistance to drugs |
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| There is grandeur in this view of life, [that] from so simple a beginning, endless forms most beautiful and wonderful have been and are being evolved”, |
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Evaluating Lamarck
Organisms have a tendency toward perfection.
Organisms could alter organs by use or disuse.
Acquired traits could be inherited. |
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| In his 1858 presentation and 1859 publication of On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection Darwin tried to explain what he saw and proposed a theory of how species change over time. •In 1858, Alfred Wallace presents a paper speculating on evolution by natural selection. •Darwin and Wallace present their idea |
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| Giant Tortoises of the Galápagos Islands |
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| Joined a five-year mapping journey around the world on the “H.M.S. Beagle” as the ship’s naturalist . |
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Geographic Distribution
of Living Species |
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beaver
NORTH AMERICA
Muskrat
Capybara
SOUTH AMERICA
Coypu
Beaver
Muskrat
Beaver and
Muskrat
Coypu
Capybara
Coypu and
Cap |
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