Term
|
Definition
*Through natural selection all niches tend to get filled
*cowbird vs. cuckoo: compete strongly, forcing one out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*ability to measure years
*seen in mating
*Hibernation
*Migration
*fat storage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Around a day
*Sleep schedule: once a day go to sleep
*Feeding Behavior: 3-4x/day |
|
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Term
|
Definition
*Clock that does not require an enabling hand from the environment
*Able to maintain time on its own |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Clock that has to be set initially
*Once set doesn't need anymore attention
*More often than not, initial entrainment is necessary |
|
|
Term
| Without Initial Entrainment |
|
Definition
Our diurnal cycles:
Jet lag:
circadian clock matches env. in after a few days |
|
|
Term
| Free Running Clocks and Avian Species |
|
Definition
*Light entering the eye is NOT critical
*Pineal gland: very few feathers on top of head. light goes through head, through little tissue, to pineal gland |
|
|
Term
| Free Running Clocks and Cold Blooded Animals |
|
Definition
*Set by external temperature
*fluctuations in temperature initially trains clock |
|
|
Term
| Diurnal Cycle dependent on gravity? |
|
Definition
*astronauts and monkey in space
*can figure out w/ bean plant
*NO, diurnal cycle coes NOT get messed up |
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Term
|
Definition
| *Average pattern: >24 hours |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tend to stay up late and hard to get out of bed in the morning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| get tired early, go to bed early, wake up early (morning people) |
|
|
Term
| Suprachiasmic Nucleus (SCN) |
|
Definition
*Exists in hypothalamus
*Crucial in timing for mammals
*Partial Brain Transplants
SCN of rats switched, exhibit diurnal cycle of the transplanted SCN (long/short) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
*5th phase
*seems to be the deepest sleep, but wave looks like awake person
*REM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Something important happening
*Time consolidate memories
*Produce biochemicals needed |
|
|
Term
| Passive Accounts of Sleep |
|
Definition
*Don't do anything of importance when sleeping
*Means of avoiding harm
*Sleep in order to NOT be walking around |
|
|
Term
| Importance of Sleep for Memory |
|
Definition
*Mice on platform in tub of water
*Awake: avoid ice water
*Paradoxical Sleep: lose muscle tonation and fall into water |
|
|
Term
| Sleeping in Dolphins and Whales |
|
Definition
*Sleep, drown?
*Brains are bilateral
*1/2 of brain takes turn sleeping
*Only wake up other half when in danger |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Swimming forward, water goes through the mouth and out passively through the gills
*has to keep swimming in order to survive
*Half of brain sleeps, while the other half if active |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| *Sleep with one eye open to watch for predators |
|
|
Term
| Sleeping and the Royal Albatross |
|
Definition
*Circle Antarctic over oceans for 2-4 years without ever landing
*Function with one half of the brain being awake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Both animals benefit simultaneously
*Don't have to be related
*Benefit NOT usually delayed
*Most common, no delay, no concern over reciprocity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Sequential Benefit
*One is usually delayed
*Often learn there is reciprocity
*Encounter eachother over and over, more likely to happen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| *Developed to study reiterative play |
|
|
Term
| Evolutionarily Stable Strategy |
|
Definition
| One that will work over many trials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Do exactly what the opposition did in its last trial |
|
|
Term
| Gender Differences in the Game Theory |
|
Definition
*Males more competitive on average
(Go back to gametes, Females have less to gain from aggression) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Common kin that benefits both parties
*Both get genes into next generation
*No direct reciprocity at all
*Improve indirect fitness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Foraging
*Defense against predation
*Asserting dominance
*Social Grooming (Allogrooming)
*Finding/Building/Sharing shelter
*Giving Birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Intraspecific cooperation)
*Within species |
|
|
Term
| Interspecific Cooperation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*May spend days without seeing their own kind
*Late in the year, food scarce
-Chicks leave to find hillsies of their own |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*1000mi journey from Iceland-Scotland
*Suitable spots are scarce
*Pairs win against singletons
*Most dominant are the families |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Range freely in the yard
*True Nature: will peck at eachother to get what they want (pecking order)
*All hens NOT equal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Lionesses form core of pride, all closely related
*Lionesses do most of the hunting
*Hunt together, and share food
*Nuture cubs together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Protection in large numbers
*Adult females largely in control of the group
*Males gain acceptance by becoming friends with a female
*Social favors remembered
*Femals cling to males they are friends with if they feel threatened |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*All femals in the group
*Hang together in same arrangement
*If didn't feed a neighbor will help them out by regurgitating food
*Cheats are quickly detected and never helped again |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Some dig, others on guard duty
*Junior members take turns babysitting when parents feeding (often the older sisters)
*Initiate alarm signals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Dig in groups
*Virtually blind...run backward and foreward like a tube train
*Queen's urine contains a pheremone that prevents other female's ovaries from maturing
*Queen produces HUGE broods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Workers = females and sisters
*Take leaves back to the nests
*Cut leaves into smaller pieces
*Grow fungus in colony
*Tiny knobs at end of fungus = crop ants eat
*Queen = mother of ALL babies (1,000,000/year)
*Unfertilzed eggs = males |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Egrets eat parasites off of Samba deer |
|
|
Term
| Langur Monkeys and Spotted Deer |
|
Definition
*Monkeys eat leaves, but drop a lot
*Deer eat the leaves monkey drops
*Deer have better sense of predators, and emit a warning
*Monkeys follow warning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Live together in same hole
*Shrimp virtually blind and Goby has good vision
*Shrimp keeps in contact w/ Goby always
*If Shrimp wanders away, Goby re-establishes contact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Hermit crab gets eaten by octopus, needs protection
*Crab tickles anemone and it attaches to its shell
*Get a lot of anemones, octupus attack, has bodyguards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Caterpillar has nipples on its back that the ants get liquid from
*Ants guard caterpillar
*Caterpillar makes vibration and produces a pheremone that keeps the ants happy
*Ants make shelter for caterpillar |
|
|
Term
| Ants and Glossy, Horny-shielded Caterpillar |
|
Definition
*Caterpillar sprays formic acid in nest
*Ants can't stop the caterpillar, workers become confused
*Caterpillar eats grubs
*Caterpillar turns into a butterfly
*Butterfly covered in slippery scales, so ants can't grab |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Moths eat nectar from milkweed
*Mites wait on milkweed
*Mites go to ONE ear -- avoid bats |
|
|
Term
| Finches and Giant Tortoises |
|
Definition
*Finches hunt parasites on tortoise
*Finches jump up and down in front of tortoise, which stiffens legs and cranes neck (inviting birds to clean off parasites) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Oxpeckers practically live on Giraffe
*Claws are long so can hang in any position off of giraffe
*Sometimes oxpeckers take blood directly from open wounds which causes them to take longer to heal (harmful) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*infected w/ parasite which causes strange behavior
*Stays visible to birds, eaten, passes parasite on to the bird |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Usually eat grass
*Eat huge quantities to get proper nutrients
*Not a lot of social interaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Eat certain leaves
*Not as much time eating each day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Gather nuts, fruits, and tubers
*Food is of higher caloric density
*Highest degree of social interaction
*Food something to fight over |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*bringing food back to one's nest
*Advantage: less risk of predation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Put food in many locations
*Advantage: nest broken in to, god protection against theft
*>80% gets recovered
*Have larger hippocampus compared to other species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Animal that eats insects
*High caloric value, but in small bites
*Spend more time looking for food
*Not a complex social life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Herbivore
*Eats only Eucalyptus leaves
*Eucalyptus tree has toxin to prevent predation
*Koalas can breakdown poison within their body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Live on byproduct of a particular fungus
*Effectively a form of farming
*Ants produce bacteria on exterior of body that they smear on fungus to protect from parasite
*Ants pick up bacteria from other ants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Not usually seen when food is of low caloric value
*High caloric value, sharing becomes viable and necessary
*Reciprocity altruism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Applies to seekng of any kind of food by an animal regardless f its diet
*Concerned with caloric intake per unit time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Browser
*Begins eating leaves, deplete leaves
*Cost of each subsequent leaf is higher in energy that has to be expended |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Takes time
*Hummingbirds seem to be able to keep track of flowers they've already been to |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Each animal gets less of the prey
*Depends on size and caloric input of whatever being hunted
*Small prey: doesn't make sense
*Usually share with kin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Tree has poison in leaves
*Eat new sprouts, only get a little poison, move on to new tree
*huge stomachs, not very limber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Eating plant that pumps poison into leaves
*Attack in large numbers that each beetle only gets a small amount of the poison
*Finish one plant, move on |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Poison in veins and available everywhere
*Puncture leaf along rib, poison leaks out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Bill with length and curvature reflects type of flower from which they feed
*Spread pollen
*Some try to pierce the flower when bill doesn't fit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Near fruity tree, squirrel monkey goes ahead and tries to get food
*Seeds eaten and deposited in feces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Eat acorn
*Buries acorns that can't eat at the time
*Memory NOT infallible, forget an acorn, grow into new oak tree |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Madagascar
*Gnaws holes, scoops out contents with "finger" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Seeds often filled with poison
*Make long journeys through the forest to get to anecdote (Kaolin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Drive fish into bay
*Gulls, take advantage of their hunt
*Gulls try to steal food from Pelicans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*HUGE
*virtually blind
*Inject prey w/ venom, liquifies contents of body, wraps in silk and waits
*Food stolen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Tiny spider
*Blind
*Felt vibrations of stuck prey
*Steals food from Nephila Spider |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*grab white-tailed birds to try to steal their food
*Can catch their own fish, but seem to enjoy the piracy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Well fed: risk-averse; want stability in their diet
Hungry: risk-prone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| *An animal presse bar to get food, next 20s pressing bar won't do anything, after 20s can get food again. |
|
|
Term
| Variable Interval Schedule |
|
Definition
| *After receiving reinforcer, amount of time passes before yield mroe fod varies from trial to trial, but on average 20 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Growth on top of head, looks like worm
*Lays in wait
*Smaller fish tries to feed n it, and angler fish captures it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Tongue with appendge(looks like wor)
*Opens mouth with tongue hanging out, and moves appendage
*Prey try to feed on it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Some prey on eachother
*Flickering = part of mating dance
*Each species has its own pattern
*Some fireflies imitate mating pattern to attract prey |
|
|
Term
| Benefits of a Varied Diet |
|
Definition
*Protection against a crash in diet
*Nutritional Balance
*Avoid concentrations of Neurotoxins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Dozens of different kinds of natural foods and put them out and let animals choose what they eat themselves --> test a lot of foods, can blance diet
*Long Term: move to different foods over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Their body synthesizes nutrients
*Play hosts to parasites that produce these nutrients (all species) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Typically between same species
*20-30mi apart-> different dialects
*Env. plays large role
*Deaf bird expts. suggest learning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*would have problems if learned other species song--> DON'T
*Still exhibit their species song, suggests GENETICS! |
|
|
Term
| Marler's White Crown Sparrow |
|
Definition
*Cross Fostering expts.
*Differences in dialects...environment
*Critical period for learning: 14-20 days after hatching
*Song sung a year or two after that
*Nervous system wired for their song, modify what they hear
*Needs to be able to hear itself and the opposite sex's reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Critical period right before mating
*Heard from conspecifics that are going through courtship and are older than them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Get improvement when present sound with female
*NOT a large effect
*Ability to mate with presented female not critical, the presentation of the female seemed to be more important |
|
|
Term
| Chimpanzee sound plasticity |
|
Definition
*New chimp added to group in zoo
*Added chimp makes a sound other chimps have never made before
*Others start to make this sound
*CULTURAL TRANSMISSION |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Attracting and arousing mate
*Repelling sexual rivalries
*Defending territories
*Share food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Most common in social species
*Shared with kin
*Call in conspecifics to form dfense against predation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Fill mouths with insects and go back to nest
*If swift draws attention of other swifts to insects
*Easier for swift to find its conspecifics than to find a swarm of moving insects |
|
|
Term
| Waggle Dance of Honeybees |
|
Definition
*Alignment of sun with dance tells others where food is
*Can detect UV light (can see through overcast) |
|
|
Term
| Pheremones in Leaf Cutting Ants |
|
Definition
*Ants find food
*Leave pheremone trail if find food
*Pheremone train followed by ther ants in teh colony
*Behavior speaks of intent |
|
|
Term
| Vibrations and Leaf Cutting Ants |
|
Definition
*Find good leaf, send out vibrations (Stridulation)
*Tactile communications |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Signal all by pattern of raising and lowering their body on the surface of the water
*Vibrations they send out through the water carry a great deal of info
*Each species has own set of signals
*Slightly different patterns-->dialects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Approx. 40 phenomes
*Each language uses about 20-24
*Age 1: plasticity to pick up any language
*Language learning precedes language production by at least 9 mos.
*Predisposition to learn SOME language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Greatest plasticity for language
*Each animal has different song, and could have 20-30 different song
*May only have partial overlap with other whales, bt each know song of other whales in it's pod
*Humpback whales change songs throughout their lives |
|
|
Term
| Factors for Habitat Selection |
|
Definition
*Presence of potential mates
*Proximity to food
*Minimizing predation
*Issue of thermoregulation
(Different weight to these depending on species) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Nest, burrow, hole in a tree
*Animals choose these to gain safety and avoid severe weather
*Usually well-chosen for animals needs
*SITE TENACITY |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Usually choose same area parents chose, even if no longer optimally functional for them
*Differs by species
*Why do they go back to where they were raised???
*Fact reached reproductive age themselves, proves it was a good location |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Defended against conspecifics
*Competition for a territory: Defender usually wins (usually larger, already has investment in area)
*Many animals only defend territories during mating season |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Prairies or woodlands
*Show preferences for environment born in, even if NOT raised in it
*GENETIC LOADING
*After 5 years, the deermice transplanted, natural selection changed preferences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Larger area in which an animal will forage
*Usually determined by foraging needs
*NOT defended
*If overlapping ->grounds for conflict
*Maintained for the entire year |
|
|
Term
| Evolutionarily Stable Situation 2 |
|
Definition
*Defender invested a lot of effort into a location
*Defender has a great deal to lose if loses territory
*When animals hae adjacent territories, tend to dispute bounary --settled |
|
|
Term
| Why com to aid of neighbor |
|
Definition
*Worked out a peace
*Better able to chase out intruder
*Enemies temporarily become allies
*Analogous to human situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Release sperm in presence of eggs
*Get by with their speed
*Rush in, fertilize, get out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*They are tolerated by territorial male
*Sometimes help against predators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Small piece of land, clearly inadequate for foraging or raising one's young
*Place where males will compete
*Lek |
|
|
Term
| Collection of Leks = Mating Arenas |
|
Definition
*Most dominant male insists his Lek in center
*Females come to arena and choose which male to mate with, prefer center Lek
*Even too small for mating purposes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Build structures and decorate
*More highly decorated the bower is the more aptit is at attracting females
*Don't mate in bower or lay eggs there (merely for show) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| *Animals distribute themselves according to how resources are distributed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| *When airborne = vulnerable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*agile in air
*basically swallows puffin whole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Sealions come to shore to give birth
*Killer whales assemble at nursery to attack
*Whales beach themselves (no other whale does this, or has perfected method of unbeaching)
*plays with catch
*Must catch 3/day to survive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Slug slime provides trail for 1st snake to follow
*Swallowing difficult --> dislocate jaw and twist it
*Yawn puts jaw in position |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| *Frog croaks out alarm and scares possum away |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Puts off poison
*Advertises this way before used |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| *Gymnastics display = warning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Put on display to show warning
*Ribs through skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Recognized when walking
*one looks like moss --> lays flat against twig |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*beautiful and attracts many insects
**Mantis sits on orchid waiting motionless for butterfly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Morning: leave and follow scent trail
*Pillage wasp nests
*Carry back to Queen and waiting workers
*Highly specialized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Experienced males hunt monkeys
*Work as a team
*Hunters share with females and others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Look for prey when mating
*Stake out hunting location near fruit tree |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Take food back to sheltered area
**Grey squirrels from book: lg. vs. sm. cookies |
|
|
Term
| Group Living on Predation |
|
Definition
*Greater density allws for more vigilance
*Don't be slowest member |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Seen: prey keeps eye on it
*Inspection: gives whereabouts; staying around will be less successful
-predators often leave |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*clear advantage in gaining info. and clear risk at getting too close
*Females more attracted to BOLD
*High density of preds: continue feeding
*Low density of preds: cause to stop feeding and be vigilant
- predispositions within species; Genetic, but learning involved b/c change after 1 gen. |
|
|
Term
| What holds a population in check? |
|
Definition
*Food supply - function of weather, etc..
*Predation
*Disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Middle of Lake Superior
*Moose crsses when cold
*Another cold, wolves cross
*Wolves hold moose in check and vice versa
**EVOLUTIONARILY STABLE LEVEL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Some high pred. areas and low pred. areas
*Intelligence is NOT monolithic
*High pred. area fish better at finding hiding places, but same at figuring out puzzle boxes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*learn song of chickadee
*spedific call for a specific threat (detail of sound informs others of what threat is)
*recorded songs played frm peakers and nuthatches show appropriate behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*New World Monkeys
*Warns other species around
*Loudest terrestrial animals in the world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| *Many calls for different predators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| *Each species gets better at doing their own thing |
|
|
Term
| Ideal Free Distribution (IFD) model |
|
Definition
| *predict how animals will distribute themselves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| *Neighbors might have common enemies that they will join together to rid from territory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| *Studies the distribution of breeding within a group and whether there will be cooperation or conflict over reproductive activities |
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|
