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Definition
Temple of Portunas - Rome
1st Century BC
• Combination of Etruscan and Greek elements
• Etruscan elements: frontal (sits on pedestal with one staircase)
• Greek elements: ionic columns, pediment
• New: engaged columns on sides |
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Round Temple at Tivoli
1st Century BC
• Raised on a podium
• Circular shape and Corinthian columnal order borrowed from Greeks
• Innovative element: first use of roman concrete! (used to construct cella wall) |
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Sanctuary of Fortuna at Praesneste
1st Century BC
• Constructed with roman concrete
• Frontal (very Roman characteristic)
• Central axis of stairways (similar to the Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut)
• Innovative element: the Colonnade curves |
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Definition
Primaporta Augustus
31 BC – 14 AD
• Made of marble
• Depicts Augustus as commander in chief (gesturing to troops and wearing military attire – general’s cloak, staff, breast plate)
• Severe style left over from Greek art (youthful face, contrapposto, perfect body)
• Cupid below him riding on a dolphin (references his divine ancestor, Venus)
• Breastplate covered in complex iconography showing Roman victory over the Parthians |
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Definition
Portrait of Livia
31 BC – 14 AD
• Augustus’ wife
• Youthful, calm expression (severe style)
• Wearing hair in typical Early Roman style
o Development of Roman Women’s hairstyles
• Originally painted |
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Alter of Augustine Peace - Rome, Italy
31 BC – 14 AD
• This structure holds a political message: how Augustus brought peace to Rome
o he encourages family values (children depicted in friezes)
o vegetation everywhere (acanthus plant reliefs emphasize that everything in Augustine’s era is under control)
o use of Classical Greek style
o Hellenistic style not used on purpose (Augustus wants to evoke calmness and peace) |
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Definition
Maison Carree- Nimes, France
31 BC – 14 AD
• Corinthian style temple
• Frontal
• 6 columns across front
• Compare to Temple of Portunas: which has 4 columns across & uses ionic order |
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Definition
Pont du Gard- Nimes, France
31 BC – 14 AD
• Aqueduct that brought water from a mountain spring to Nimes
• Three rows of arches with a road in between the bottom and middle arches
• Water travelled on top of the structure
• Waterway big enough for slaves to go through and clean (tells us there were slaves) |
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Porta Maggiore- Rome, Italy
41-68 AD
• Supports water channels of two aqueducts
• Rusticated masonry, common style under Claudius
• Shows Claudius’ concern with water infrastructure |
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Definition
Domus Aurea- Rome, Italy
41-68 AD
• Constructed under Nero
• Architects: Severus and Celer
• Octagon shape with rooms around it (very open)
• Oculus in dome allows light to come in
• VAULT-HAUNCH CLERESTORY LIGHTING system (innovative)
o Allows inner rooms to be illuminated |
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Definition
The Colosseum- Rome, Italy
69-96 AD
• Massive structure was a political statement of the Flavian’s new regime
• Amphitheater made of roman concrete
• Used for spectacles (gladiator games, animal hunts, etc)
• Roman arches framed with all styles of engaged columns |
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Definition
Portrait of a Flavian Lady
69-96 AD
• An abundance of textured hair (frames her face)
• Young, beautiful
• Deep spaces in hair created with drills |
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Definition
Arch of Titus- Rome, Italy
69-96 AD
• Two piers, with an arch framed by engaged Corinthian columns
• Attic’s inscription shows dedication to Titus
• Winged victories in spandrels
• Procession frieze on the inside shows motion due to stance and high relief (creates an illusion of space when walking through the arch) |
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Definition
Forum of Pompeii
79 AD
o Heart of city life
o Holds the Temple of Jupiter and the Basilica (government building) |
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Definition
Amphitheater in Pompeii
79 AD
o On the outskirts of the city (a sign of Romanization)
o It is an amphitheater (shown by two theatres together forming an oval)
o first known example of a Roman concrete amphitheater (MADE BEFORE THE COLOSSEUM) |
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Definition
Brawl in Amphitheater, Pompeii
79 AD
o Shows Pompeii’s amphitheater
o Not spatially correct (we can see into the amphitheater and the top of the stairs)
o Depicts a fight that broke out between the Pompeians and their neighbors
o Cloth awning depicted (we know that they existed) |
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Definition
Samnite House, Herculaneum
2nd-1st Century BC
• first style painting
• Blocks painted onto wall (imitating stones)
• Stucco used to create texture
• Illusionistic (trying to make a plain plaster wall look like stone using paint and stucco) |
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Definition
Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor, at Boscoreale
100-15 BC
• Second Style painting (architectural landscape)
• Illusionistic (trying to dissolve the wall, trying to give the space depth by making the space seem as if it’s receding)
• Linear perspective used to dissolve the wall (colonnaded courtyard, temple, etc) |
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Definition
Villa of Livia at Prima Porta
100-15 BC
• Second Style painting
• Artist has transported us outdoors
• Rather than architecture, we’re in a garden
• Ultimate dissolving of the wall (it’s basically no more) |
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Definition
Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii
100-15 BC
• Second Style painting
• Wall is dissolved and the room is extended
• Megalographia (humans nearly life sized)
• Still leftover elements of first style (blocks) |
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Definition
Villa of Agrippa Postumus at Boscotrecase
15 BC – 60 AD
• Third style painting
• Focuses on the wall
• Wall divided into vertical and horizontal registers
• Delicate ornamental design
• Floating vignette landscape scene on monochromatic background |
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Definition
Domus Aurea, Rome
60-79 AD
• fourth style painting
• Remnants of third style (flat panels and paintings on walls)
• Remnants of illusion used in second style (depth + space)
• Combination of 2nd and 3rd styles |
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Term
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Definition
House of the Vettii, Pompeii
60-79 AD
• Fourth style painting
• Can see elements of first style (painted block)
• Can see elements of second style (perspective and depth in architecture)
• Can see elements of third style (delicate designs and vignettes) |
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Term
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Definition
Forum of Trajan, Rome – by Apollodorus of Damascus
2nd Century AD
• Open space, heart of city life
• Colonnades on three sides
• Holds a Basilica (law/civic building) with clerestory lighting
• Two libraries (one Greek, on Latin) |
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Definition
Markets of Trajan, Rome
2nd Century AD
• Multiple rooms which would have been shops
• Series of barrel and groin vaults support the structure
• Brick faced roman concrete
• Clerestory lighting (and a window above each shop to let light in) |
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Definition
Column of Trajan – Rome
2nd Century AD
• 35 meters high located in the Forum of Trajan
• spiral stairway inside
• spiral frieze goes around it (like a scroll)
o pictorial account of Daitian Wars
o Trajan is depicted several times on the frieze |
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Definition
Arch of Trajan - Benevento, Italy
2nd Century AD
• Political: built by senate to commemorate triumphs of Trajan (each relief discusses a victory)
• Celebrates Trajan
• Winged victories in spangles
• Trajan on the right side, Jupiter on the left (Jupiter giving powers to the emperor- Trajan) |
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Definition
Portrait of Hadrian
2nd Century AD
• Brings a new presentation of the emperor (longer hair, beard, light incision on iris which indicates 2nd century or later)
• Hadrian loved Greece (so he sported longer hair and a beard) |
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Definition
Pantheon, Rome
2nd Century AD
• Constructed under Hadrian with roman concrete
• Coffering in ceiling is an architectural innovation (made possible by the light weight of roman concrete)
• light comes in from oculus in center of dome
• interior is one unified space (architecture shaped the space) |
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Term
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Definition
Hadrian’s Villa at Tivoli – by Canopus and Serapeum
2nd Century AD
• has a water course that evokes the canal in Egypt
• Flat lintel and arch on colonnade
• Hadrian uses natural space to redesign the environment
• Evocation of Greece: copies of caryatids line the water |
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Term
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Definition
Petra, Jordan
2nd Century A.D.
• Two stories
o Broken pediment on 2nd story
o Pediment on 1st story
• Carved from rock |
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Definition
Model of an insula at Ostia
2nd Century AD
• Rectangular doughnut
• Apartment building with shops on bottom
• Roman concrete construction makes this possible (stronger than wood, and not flammable) |
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Term
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Definition
Floor mosaic from the Bath of Neptune
2nd Century AD
• Black and white floor mosaics very popular style at that time
• Merely surface decorations (arranged so anyone walking through will have something to look at) |
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Term
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Definition
Tomb relief of vegetable vendor
2nd Century AD
• Grave marker that depicts that owner was a shop keeper
o Holding one item and gesturing with other hand to show that he’s selling things
o Produce around, table, basket,
o Counter tilted forward to emphasize products being sold |
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Term
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Definition
Column base of Antoninus Pius – Rome
2nd Century AD
• One side is traditional (classical scene)
o Apotheosis (the process of becoming a god) of Antoninus Pius and his wife: ascending on the back of an angel
o Roma on the right is gesturing to Antoninus as he ascends
o Classical style figures (calm, flowing drapery) |
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Term
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Definition
Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius
2nd Century AD
• On his horse, gesturing to something or someone in front of him (maybe to a captive group that doesn’t survive, down below him)
• Gesture of clemency
• Marcus Aurelius ages in his portraits (unlike Augustus) |
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Definition
Column base of Antoninus Pius – Rome
2nd Century AD
• Other side is a new wave of treating space/figures (rejection of classical model)
o Decursio – cavalry riding around funeral pyre
o No set ground line
o Conceptual (turned up to birds eye view)
o Space= non classical
o CHANGE (has been going on since Pompeii, surprise is that it’s happening on an imperial structure) |
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Term
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Definition
Painted portrait of Septimius Severus and his family
3rd Century AD
• This small disk portrait is a unique example of an imperial family depicted with tempera on wood
• Iconoclasm: Caracalla has intentionally scratched out his brother’s face |
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Definition
Portrait of Caracalla
3rd Century AD
• He’s a soldier’s emperor (short hair, beard, intense & threatening gaze)
• Psychological intensity (wrinkles in forehead, gaze of eyes)
o X created on face by furrowed brown and terse mouth (leads the eye strait to Caracalla’s eyes… source of anger and intensity)
• Caracalla sets the standard for much portraiture to come |
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Term
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Definition
Chariot procession of Septimius Severus
3rd Century AD
• Decorated with sculptures of himself and his family
• Severus in chariot with his two sons (Gatta on left, Caracalla on right)
• Row composition (conceptual approach- allows all to be seen, visually clear)
• Linear drapery & frontality |
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Term
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Definition
Baths of Caracalla, Rome
3rd Century AD
• Enormous scale: designed to accommodate thousands of people
• More went on here than bathing—time spent with friends chatting, running, then bathing
• Central axis with 4 unique rooms
• Each side is an exercise room (pelestra)
• Constructed with brick-faced roman concrete |
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Term
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Definition
Trajan Decius
3rd Century AD
• Introspective portrait (turned head, eyes have bags under them which show anxiety that Trajan’s feeling, worry & interior thought)
• Captures a moment in time
• Short hair, short military beard |
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Term
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Definition
Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus
3rd Century AD
• chaotic relief scene shows Romans facing barbarians (who are depicted with longer hair)
• One conquering general throws hand out in victory
• You can’t see one whole body, they’re all tangled up |
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Term
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Definition
The Tetrachs
3rd Century AD
• Cemented into the corner to depict the political reality of the tetrarchy (harmony & equality: they all look the same (expressionless), they’re embracing)
• Tetrarchy established by Diocletian (4 rulers, 2 caesars & 2 emperors) |
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Definition
Arch of Constantine, Rome
4th Century AD
• Includes Constantinian achievements and sculpture from many earlier monuments
• statement that Constantine is a summation of all previous good emperors
• three arches flanked by Corinthian engaged columns |
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Term
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Definition
Constantine the Great
4th Century AD
• Enormous structure (Constantine views himself on a colossal scale)
• Profile, beard, hairstyle has disappeared → now very plain (no anxiety, no age, no worry) - - like Augustus |
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Term
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Definition
Aula Palatina- Trier, Germany
4th Century AD
• Simple, smooth exterior
• Nave and apse inside (no clerestory)
• Civic building
• Apse-like structure (model becomes a prototype for later Christian churches) |
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Term
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Definition
Samuel Anointing David
4th-5th Century AD
• this wall painting is from the Synagouge of Dura-Europas
• depicts the old testament story of Samuel anointing David
• Samuel is largest and is wearing white (he’s a prophet)
• David is wearing purple (to show majesty) & is surrounded by his brothers |
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Definition
Catacomb of Saints Peter and Marcellinus, Rome
4th-5th Century AD
• this catacomb is carved stone out of tuff
• Early Christian iconography: Good Shepherd (in the center of ceiling), Jonah and the Sea Monster, Orants praying |
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Term
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Definition
Old St. Peter’s – Rome
4th-5th Century AD
• Long nave and two side aisles (nave rises higher than side aisles, creating clerestory lighting)
• Courtyard out front
• Narthex |
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Definition
Santa Sabina, Rome
4th-5th Century AD
• this Basilica is an example of early Christian Church (nave flanked by side aisles, apse to hold alter, Corinthian arcades divide nave from aisles)
• Clerestory lighting |
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Definition
Santa Costanza, Rome
4th-5th Century AD
• central, circular plan with a domed interior and an ambulatory & a narthex
• Holds the sarcophagus of Santa Costanza, Constantine’s daughter
• Engravings/mosaics open it up |
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Definition
Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna
4th-5th Century AD
• Central plan structure with blind arches on exterior
• Inside very intense (covered with mosaics & holds sarcophaguses on each end of each rectangle) |
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Definition
The Parting of Lot and Abraham, Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome
4th-5th Century AD
• mosaic depicts a story from the old testament (parting of Lot and Abraham)
• they’re moving & gesturing in opposite directions, there’s a gap in between them
• style: lots of heads overlapping (like tetrarchs) |
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Definition
Good Shepherd
4th-5th Century AD
• this mosaic depicts Christ as the good shepherd
• He’s wearing gold and purple garments (represent majesty)
• Sheep represent his flock (followers) |
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Definition
Sant’Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna
4th-5th Century AD
• mosaic depicts Jesus’ miracle of multiplying the bread and fish
• Christ is central figure wearing purple (shows majesty), flanked by apostles on either side
• frontal figures, big eyes (in awe of Christ) |
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Definition
Rebecca and Eliezer at the well
4th-5th Century AD
• this manuscript illumination tells the story of Rebecca and Eliezer (from book of Genesis)
• Continuous narration (Rebecca shows up twice)
• Written and painted on calf skin
• Anachronism- Rebecca walks down a Roman street, camels don’t have enough legs for all of their bodies |
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Definition
Christ before Pilate
4th-5th Century AD
• this manuscript illumination tells a story from the new testament (Christ before Pilate being judged)
• ground line divides illustration in two (top level: pilate with mob convincting Jesus & bottom level: Jesus and another during the trial)
• Tempera used on vellum (calf-skin) |
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Definition
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
6th Century AD
• Designed by Anthemius and Isidorus under Justinian
• Hagia Sophia= “Holy Wisdom”
• Minarets added during Ottoman Empire when church turned into mosque (now it’s a museum)
• Support from pendentives (triangular sections of a sphere) made large dome structure & large interior possible
• Strong central emphasis (symmetrical around center dome) |
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Definition
St. Vitale, Ravenna
6th Century AD
• enter through narthex, apse at front of church
• Architecture provides space for mosaics (no surface left undecorated)
• Motif of 3 (triple arches, 3 series windows, etc.)
• Central octagon is framed on all sides by tall arched openings
• Capitals of columns look like baskets (unlike most pieces we’ve looked at) |
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Definition
Transfiguration Mosaic at Monastery of St. Catherine
6th Century AD
• This mosaic depicts the transfiguration of Christ (in the center wearing a halo with light radiating from his body).
• Located in a curved apse with marble veneer
• Blue almond-shaped orb around him called “mandorla”
• Christ surrounded by apostles (who are also experiencing a metamorphosis; 1st fisherman, now following Jesus) |
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Definition
Virgin and Child Enthroned between St. Theodore and St. George
6th Century AD
• Icon located at the Monastery of St. Catherine
• Tempera on wood
• Shows Mary seated with Christ on her lap and saints flanking her
• Mary looks out directly to communicate with those looking at the image (it’s a devotional piece, you pray THROUGH it) |
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Term
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Definition
David the Psalmist
834-1204 AD
• Manuscript illumination showing David playing a harp before he composes the book of psalms
• Many classical elements (drapery, personification (woman=melody, inspiring David), perspective (overlap & 3D) |
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Definition
Monastery of Hosios Loukas – Phocis, Greece
834-1204 AD
• built for Saint Luke
• Cross-in-square plan (with a dome on top)
• Damaged mosaic in dome shows Christ as pantocrator (all ruler)
• In squinches (birth of christ & baptism of jesus) |
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Definition
Christ as Pantocrater
834-1204 AD
• This mosaic shows Jesus as pantocrater (all ruler)
• Jesus is holding a book in his left hand (new testament) & has long hair, a beard, a stern face
• Surrounded by a circular design |
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Term
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Definition
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem
7th-9th Century AD
• Highly visible around area with its gold dome (to call attention to Muslims present in Jerusalem)
• Surrounded by pointed arched entryways (typical Muslim arches)
• Central plan, octagonal (doorways on 4 of 8 sides)
• Highly decorated exterior, avoiding sculpture & figural design (against Islam)
• Interior has a narrow ambulatory with columns & piers, floral designs, alternating stone decoration, lots of gold |
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Term
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Definition
Great Mosque - Damascus, Syria
7th-9th Century AD
• Place for daily prayer
• 3 minarets around mosque where imams sing the call to prayer
• Surrounded by a wall, includes a large courtyard, qibla wall (to orient you towards Mecca), hypostyle prayer hall |
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Term
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Definition
Great Mosque at Cordoba, Spain
7th-9th Century AD
• Holds a hypostyle hall with 2 tiered arches that have alternating stone designs
• Decorated with lots of inscription & intricate geometric designs
• Dramatic dome & elaborate arcade |
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Term
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Definition
Alhambra - Granada, Spain
14th-18th Century AD
• Court of the lions is rectangular with pointed arches
• Looks like paradise (greenery & water, elaborate dome looks like a honeycomb)
• 4 quadrants represent the 4 rivers of paradise |
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Term
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Definition
Purse lid from Sutton Hoo ship burial
600-800 AD
• relatively small, easy to transport (appropriate for a migrating society)
• decorated with gold and various semi-precious stones
• compartments formed called “cloisonné”
• motifs from natural world depicted abstractly (ducks, humans, intertwining objects) |
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Definition
Animal Head from the Oseberg Norway ship burial
600-800 AD
• carved out of wood
• abstract interlace of forms (typical early medieval style)
o surface decorations that delight the eye |
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Definition
Wood-carved portal of the stave church at Urnes
600-800 AD
• intertwined animal forms frame the doorway
o surface decoration that delights the eye |
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Term
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Definition
Man (symbol of St. Matthew) Book of Durrow
600-800 AD
• page from a manuscript (book of durrow)
• Matthew is represented as a human (since he starts his gospel with the human genealogy of Christ)
• Very abstract (interlace of border & Matthew’s cloak) |
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Term
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Definition
Cruciform page from the Lindisfarne Gospels
600-800 AD
• carpet page from manuscript (Lindisfarne Gospels)
• cruciform pattern filled with abstract geometry & animal interlace
• whole image looks like cloisonné (with red partitioning sections)
• surface decorations that delight the eye |
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Term
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Definition
Saint Matthew from the Lindisfarne Gospels
600-800 AD
• Matthew depicted as an evangelist writing, sitting
• Angel above him is Matthew’s muse
• Writing says “image of a man” & “Saint Matthew”
• Cloisonné drapery (divided into compartments) |
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Term
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Definition
Chi-Rho page from the Book of Kells
600-800 AD
• opening page of the gospel of Matthew
• typical to have first letter of the first word be very elaborate
• abstract geometry & interlaced animals (meant to delight the eye) |
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Term
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Definition
Palace Chapel of Charlemagne – Aachen, Germany
9th Century AD
• Architect- Otto of Metz
• Palace chapel was connected to the palace by a corridor
• Axial design
• Multiple series of triple arches (with alternating stone technique in each arch)
• Charlemagne’s throne would have been in the center |
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Term
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Definition
St. Matthew from the Coronation Gospels from Aachen, Germany
9th Century AD
• created under Charlemagne
• purple dye used (only for rich, very elaborate)
• Matthew is calmly sitting on a stool with a cushion, writing
• Matthew’s anatomy is expressed by drapery pulling against it (but not classical style) |
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Definition
St. Matthew from the Ebbo Gospels- France
9th Century AD
• created under Charlemagne
• Matthew feverishly working on a stand (wired hair, intense & concerned eyes, lines in neck, drapery even nervous & unable to read)
• Possibly showing the infusion of the holy spirit in Matthew
• Muse in upper right-hand corner |
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Term
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Definition
Front cover of the Lindau Gospels
9th Century AD
• created under Charlemagne
• bejeweled border
• interior divided into a cruciform geometric design
• two angelic figures in each rectangle
• Christ in the center doesn’t appear to be suffering (instead he looks youthful) |
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Term
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Definition
Nave of the church of Saint Cyriakus- Gernrode, Germany
10th Century AD
• a nave, two isles, clerestory lighting, alter at end (all familiar)
• tripartite nave arrangement elevation (clerestory, gallery (which was an innovation), nave arcade)
• cruciform shaped church
• alternating support system (column, pier, column, pier)
• wooden roof |
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Term
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Definition
Saint Michael’s – Hildensheim, Germany
10th Century AD
• built by Bishop Bernward
• this structure was a continuation in the development of architectural forms (octagons, squares, cylinders, cones)
• side entrances (seem to be experimental) |
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Term
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Definition
Bronze Doors in Saint Michael’s – Hildensheim, Germany
10th Century AD
• by Bishop Bernward
• complex iconography
• tells the whole story of salvation (starting with the creation, ending with the resurrection of Christ)
• start at the top left, read down the left side & up the right side |
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Term
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Definition
The Crucifix of archbishop Gero
10th Century AD
• enormous – first monumental sculpture since antiquity
• made of wood
• shows dead Christ after his suffering (showed with minimal amounts of blood) |
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Term
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Definition
Annunciation to the Shepherds
10th Century AD
• This manuscript illumination shows an angel telling the shepherds to find baby Jesus.
• The angel is gesturing down to a shepherd (who gestures back)
• Lively gestures & drapery
o gestures, drapery
• figures seem put together with pieces (cloisonné style continues) |
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Term
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Definition
St. Eteinne – Vignory
11th-12th Century AD
• three part nave elevation (clerestory, alternating pier column system, nave arcade)
• Wooden truss supports roof
• Side aisle on each side of nave
• Thick walls (roman arches have multiple layers & compound piers)
• Windows have arch forms, and splay out on the inside (to allow more light in) |
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Term
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Definition
St. Sernin - Toulouse
11th-12th Century AD
• pilgrimage church with several radiating chapels
• central nave flanked by two side aisles on each side
• cruciform shape (created by transept)
• barrel vault over nave (very Romanesque)
• no clerestory in this church |
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Term
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Definition
Cloister at Saint-Pierre – Moissac, France
11th-12th Century AD
• big capitals and arches (pointed)
• alternating single and double arches
• piers at the corners (opportunity for sculpture) |
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Term
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Definition
Abbey church at Cluny (Cluny III)
11th-12th Century AD
• nave and two side aisles on each side
• three part nave elevation (arcade, tribune, clerestory windows)
• Barrel vault with arches across to accentuate piers |
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Term
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Definition
Abbey church of Notre Dame – Fotenay
11th-12th Century AD
• Cistercian order (simple interior)
• Single story nave
• compound piers
• pointed arches used |
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Term
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Definition
Speyer Cathedral - Germany
11th-12th Century AD
• nave with side aisles
• round arches (typical Romanesque)
• alternating support system
• two part nave elevation (clerestory and nave arcade)
• new development: groin vault on top of a nave |
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Sant’ Ambrogio – Milan
11th-12th Century AD
• proliferation of Romanesque arches (3=trinity reference?)
• nave and side aisles
• groin vault covers bay |
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Pisa - Italy
11th-12th Century AD
• leaning tower is the bell tower that is part of the church
• baptistery (solitary, surrounded by a blind arcade, pulpit inside, alternating pier column system, good acoustics)
• cathedral has an elaborate façade |
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Christ in Majesty by Bernardus Gelduinus
11th-12th Century AD
• Right hand of Christ blesses while the left hand holds a book (which says “peace be with you”)
• Drapery is similar to Byzantine style (simplified and schematic)
• Compartmentalizing of elements (such as the drapery)
• Mandorla provides a frame |
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Abbey Church of St. Pierre – Moissac, France
11th-12th Century AD
• Cloister
o Piers provide space for sculpture
o Sides are enclosed in a frame of columns |
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Abbey Church of St. Pierre – Moissac, France
11th-12th Century AD
• South Portal
o Shows the story of Lazarus the beggar (with dogs licking his sores)
o Figures in sculpture are life-sized
o Example of fitting the architecture
o Entwined animals on trumeau
o Romanesque portal: tympanum, lintel, jambs, trumeau, voussoirs, archivolts
• Archivolts are decorated with floral designs
• Tympanum shows 24 elders |
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Cathedral of Autun, France by Gislebertus
11th-12th Century AD
• Abstract drapery (has agility and motion)
• Figures are disproportionate
• Depicts the end of the world
o Angels frame Christ (central characters)
• Heaven bound on left, Hell bound on right
o People rising up out of graves |
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Ste. Madeleine – Vezelay, France
11th-12th Century AD
• Political meaning: Crusades (Christ is the Lord of all time)
• Christ in the center flanked by the apostles (Christ instills the holy spirit in them)
• Eight compartments around the tympanum show the heathens waiting to be converted |
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Amiens Cathedral - France
1140-1300 AD
• This high gothic cathedral was designed by Robert du Luzarches & was constructed in phases (evident by the two different sized towers)
• Represents the full maturity of the high gothic style
• The high gothic structure is supported by flying buttresses & 4 part ribbed pointed vaults
• Pointed arches allowed for taller structures (everything pointed up to make building taller)
• Rose windows (typical high gothic style)
• nave elevation: tripartite (clerestory, triforium, nave arcade) structure of a nave
• chevet capped with webbed vaults & covered with stained glass (which let light in, increasing the spiritual experience of those in the church)
Other images: |
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Abbey Church of St. Denis - France
1140-1300 AD
• this is the ambulatory, designed to create an atmosphere for worshippers that is otherworldly
• origin of stained glass
• ribbed and pointed webbed vaults (let in maximum amount of light)
• chevet constructed first (so funds don’t run out and so mass can happen as soon as possible) |
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Chartres Cathedral - France
1140-1300 AD
• This plan set standards for high gothic style with its tripartite nave elevation (clerestory, triforium, nave arcade).
• Notre Dam church → “our lady” : dedicated to Mary
• collonettes connect each part of nave elevation and turn into vaults
• plan set standards for high gothic style (innovative)
• façade:
o north portal: sculptures of old testament kings (tender and peaceful emotions) ; pre-fire
o south portal: more portrait-like
More images: http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSdbp8MGUMuxzc14G96_ccpdrdg-U5K3HePUdIMnVbIGJf04cPW
http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTj5mhaYT06Q6rStuiAqzUglhLzAmPd2IR3VOR0kEK-3_Wo624c_A |
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Laon Cathedral - France
1140-1300 AD
• experimental structure with its 4 parts nave elevation (nave arcade, gallery, triforium, clerestory) & square apse
• lingering Romanesque features (semi-circle arches)
• otherwise very gothic (rose window, pointed structure)
• 6 part vaults (each rib comes down and becomes a collonette, connecting different levels of the nave elevation)
Interior: http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRYVqGmG9qbiI4ySn9JgmMePx9SA6xOtiQsETNF274iXTeJ4lr7 |
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Notre-Dame of Paris
1140-1300 AD
• dedicated to Virgin Mary
• first example of flying buttresses used at a large monument
• rose window & gallery of statues (typical high gothic style)
• 6 part vaults
• 3 part nave (nave arcade, triforium, clerestory) |
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Sainte-Chapelle – Paris
1140-1300 AD
• high gothic chapel commissioned by Louis IX
• radiant style (seemingly limited structural support, mostly windows)
• Architectural reliquary (holds very expensive and important relics)
• no flying buttresses, strip buttresses instead
• intimate space but still transforms light and reduces mass of walls |
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Virgin and Child – Notre Dame, Paris
1140-1300 AD
• Mary standing in S curve posture (very elegant)
• Appears as a worldly queen (reminded of power of French monarchy)
• Stylized, but look human |
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God as Architect
1140-1300 AD
• introductory page of a moralised bible
• we see an image of God as an architect (holding a compass, standing over his design of the universe (sun and moon))
• suggests that architects in the time period were highly valued |
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Blanche of Castile
1140-1300 AD
• part of a moralised bible
• image describes the power held by Blanche and Louis IX (who are sitting against a gold background)
o Held spiritual authority as well as political power
• Image of two monks creating a bible on the bottom layer |
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Psalter of Saint Louis – Paris
1140-1300 AD
• animal interlace in border
• Architectural structure in background looks like Sainte-Chapelle
• Abraham greeting 3 angels (continuous narrative separated by tree), then we see Abraham presenting them food
• Angel in red and blue has an S shaped posture |
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Salisbury Cathedral
1220-1520 AD
• innovative: two transepts with great projections & a square end & cloister next to it & fewer flying buttresses (due to less height) & sole high tower & less vertical emphasis than France (many more horizontal elements instead)
• continued: bay system and 4 part vaulting system
• west end is a screen that screens the nave and side aisle (separates rather than indicates what is behind it) |
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Gloucester Cathedral, Choir
1120-1520 AD
• Characteristically English: Choir with flat eastern end & thicket of rib vaulting (which creates a pattern that doesn’t allow you to see the structure)
• Small rose-like windows & stained glass windows (lots of light coming in)
• Characteristically French: Vertical emphasis (eye is carried upward) |
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Chapel of Henry VII
1120-1520 AD
• in Westminster Abbey
• still have thicket of vaulting in ceiling area (but almost looks like its made of latex, very elaborate)
• polished wood and colored flags |
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Tomb of Edward II
1120-1520 AD
• In Gloucester Cathedral
• Around the sarcophagus is gothic style (spires that rise up, pointed arches, mini cathedral)
• Angel squatting down next to Edwards head (suggesting he’s been led on to paradise)
• Function of chapel is for prayers to be offered (perpetual monument to King Edward II) |
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Cologne Cathedral
1180-1280 AD
• borrowing French Gothic design (big façade with two towers, lots of flying buttresses, a chevet, single transept)
• long building history (600 years)
• interior: tall nave, collonettes, chevet, lamp-shaped windows (still French gothic) |
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Saint Elizabeth – Marburg Germany
1180-1280 AD
• alternative German approach: “Hall church” (side aisles are the same height as the nave)
• no clerestory or triforium (no need for clerestory, lots of high windows allow light in)
• 3 part window structure (two lamp-shaped and one rose window) & dematerializing of wall |
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Death of the Virgin
1180-1280 AD
• this relief in a tympanum shows the death of Mary
• round arch structure is Romanesque but figures inside are Gothic (Christ blessing Mary with his right hand and holding Mary’s soul in his left hand & everyone around is mourning (apostles and Mary Magdalen)
• Another Gothic feature: human interaction (emotional exchange with body language and gesture) |
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Ekkehard and Ute
1180-1280 AD
• Statues inside the Naumburg Cathedral
• Depicts a local military governor (Ekkehard) and his wife (Ute)
• Over life-sized & posing & almost free standing
• Architectural gothic canopies above them
• Significant: because they’re on the inside of the cathedral, the paint is largely conserved (shows that ancient statues were painted)
• Woman is aloof (distant eyes, cloak shields her from outside world) |
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Bamberg Rider
1180-1280 AD
• knight riding on a horse (very human, realistic)
• equestrian statue, life-sized (HISTORY OF EQUESTRIAN STATUES)
• sitting on a high-backed saddle, stirrups are there & reins (possible real leather or metal)
• architectural gothic canopy above |
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Klosterneuberg Altar
1180-1280 AD
• by Nicholas of Verdun
• Sacrifice of Isaac is dramatic, human contact (Abraham’s hand is on Isaac’s head, angel stops Abraham’s sword)
• Enamel and gold inlay
• Different units of body (lingering compartmentalization)
• Abraham’s body revealed by drapery |
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Santa Croce, Florence
14th Century AD
• Gothic elements in interior: pointed arches in the nave arcade (but no compound piers leading into upper nave & only 2 part nave elevation), windows are Gothic style (rose window and lamp-shaped window) but small (so as not to let in too much heat & to create more wall space to decorate with frescos)
• Roof is made of timber trusses (quicker construction)
• Broad and high arches (good visual communication between nave and aisles) |
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Florence Cathedral
14th Century AD
• Duomo: main cathedral in an Italian city
• Windows allow enough light to come in without making interior too hot
• 4 large units inside with cross vaults and side aisles
• Long nave leads to an octagonal crossing with lower domes attached to sides |
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Pulpit in Baptistery at Pisa
14th Century AD
• by Nicola Pisano, classical style
• Where priests speak from
• Annunciation to Mary, nativity scene, first bathing of Jesus, adoration of shepherds |
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Pulpit in Pistoia
14th Century AD
• By Giovanni Pisano
• Stacked figures (not classical)
• Same scene as his father with different style (Annunciation to Mary, nativity scene, first bathing of Jesus, adoration of shepherds) |
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