Religion and Hegelian philosophy are just humans trying to bridge the gap between phenomenal and noumenal, between man and god

Goodness comes from society not God, we must focus on curing mankind from evil 

The gap between noumenal and phenomenal is caused by the division of labor

It alienates us in three ways: self, between men, and family

Captialism is de-humanizing

History and Economic Model: Primitive paradise, Slavery, Feudalism, Capitalism, Socialism, Communism 

Revolutions of 1848-49 in June and Feb

Revolutionary Art failed because destroyed art market, partongage system, ideologies changed often, Examples: Delacroix Liberty and Daumier Parisian Artist

Reactionary artists (Millet and Baudelaire) did not paint ideals but what they saw=death 

Theory of Uniformatism

World and species change gradually over long periods of time 

Not special creation! 

Inheritance of acquired traits

Species can pass traits onto offspring, but suggests that it can be intentional 

Natural Selection

Not intentionally passed down 

Religion not inherited by learned through society

Not progressive or leading to a supreme society

Agnosticism: can't believe in anything unless there is evidence for it

Criticize religion for believing in something with no evidence

Commend Science for using evidence 

Nature is a closed system

No need for God

All inorganic and organic life made of matter and energy 

Applies Darwinism to Society

Society is organic with social tissue that evolves and reacts to its environment 

Law of inheritance

Prevent interbreeding with weaker races

We can see the struggle between races in history 

Jews are the inferior race and are living amongst Europeans

Anti-semitism becomes biological 

Applies Darwinism to politics

We are evolving from Deomcracy to socialism because of the industrial revolution 

The state and nation state have naturally evolved because of human conditions need for purpose and survival

World unity not likely

War necessary to promote nationalistic fervor 

Pre WWI critic of progress and scientific knowledge

"Where does science end?" 

We killed God

Society is immoral 

No idea of any universal existence

Humans are passionate and driven by instincts

We must use our "will to power" ourselves into freedom and move to a higher state of being=uebermensch 

Graham Wallas 

Critical of mans moral progress

Says in politics men are only concerned with greed and their own gain and don't use their reason 

Rational analysis cannot get to the root of our problems  which lie in the unconscious mind

Unconscious has three part: id, ego, super ego

Can not get rid of our instincts and therefore cannot eliminate the conflict  but we can move the conflicts, through dream analysis to the conscious to better deal with them

Major cultural upheavel

Acute self-consciousness

Not concerned with presenting an ideal or reality, but the art itself 

Often evokes discomfort and chaos (foreshadowing WWI)

Reaction against Positivism and Progress 

Henri Rousseau: painter, childlike, jungles

Erik Satie: music with long pauses

Alfred Jarry: Ubu plays, pataphysics,

Guillaume Appolinaire: poet, shot, surrealism, cubism 

Before WWI: British poetr=middle ages, chivalry, romantic, crusade imagery

WWI=horrible pointless trench war

After WWI= post war irony poetry with supernatural and pastoral images

WWII poetry more accurate 

After WWI

Age of anxiety

Anxiety for death, meaningless, and condemnation 

Age of Unreason

Positivism and Progress shattered

Replaced by fear, uncertainty, and distrust of men who have been corrupted by technilogical accomplishments 

Reason caused business competition and war

Men are only concerned with human and unrighteous but not the divine and righteous 

Created radical Christian movement="Death of God Theology"

World becoming a godless society because men have reasoned him out of everything 

The Angelic Doctor

Wants to cure mankind whose reason and lack of belief in the supernatural have caused distress

The remedy is the Holy Ghost and love 

Upheavel of science due to new physics

Physcial world no longer works like clockwork 

Einstein's theory of relativity that redefined space, time, mass, and the forces behind them and Max Planck's quantum theory, which uses probabilities and no definate constants have changed science.

Science is not a fix set of rules but a process of change and incorprates a world picture of higher reality that we must humbly try to approximate 

Contemporary physics replaced classical mechanics

Departed from determinism and mathmatical certainties and acknowledged incomplete knowledge of the system

Christian Existenitalist

inevitible processes: death, chance, guilt and uncertainty 

Our violent history will end and we will be judged

scientific data and knowledge do not equal progress

we have not progressed morally (WWI), we have destroyed the planet 

Condemns Imperialism

While culture needs religion, Civilization has created irreligion 

Twenty Fifth Hour

majority of mechanical slaves that dehumanize us

technology cannot create spirit 

We are in a troubled time, but our fate is not sealed

Civilizations do not break according to a life span or a wheel of fate