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| smelts iron using partially burnt coal- England had used up their charcoal reserves by the 18th century, this invention multiplied the economy b/c iron machines were now affordable |
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"Reflections on the Revolution in France"
root of Modern conservatism
natural law was dangerous; tradition should assign authority; slow political change over the passage of time
Inspired the conservative reaction to the French Revoltion (Congress of Vienna) |
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Emigre during the French Revolution
Church should be the basis of society and monarch should have absolute authority |
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Classical Economist: "Essay on Population"- population growth would eventually outstip the food supply
used as justification of paying low wages by factory owners because then people would be less likely to reproduce (actually made them reproduce more because they needed more sources of income) |
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"Iron Law of Wages": factory owners must offer lower wages for competetive gain
again made factory workers happy |
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| Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill |
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| "the greatest happiness for the greatest number"-- utilitarianism- advocates government involvement economically to help the working class |
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Early socialist writers with not plan of action, just ideas
1. Henri de Saint-Simon: wanted a united Europe run by the intellectuals of society that sought a better life for everyone, especially the lover class
2. Charles Fourier: wanted a cooperative community with rotating jobs to avoid monotony (like life in a factory)
3. Robert Owen: organized utopian societies and inspired Owenite communities elsewhere |
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Established the ruling of the Bourbon restoration (Louis XVIII)- gave some freedoms of revolutionary period but left most power to king
1. established freedom of religion by not popular sovereignty
2. confirmed the loss of church property- angered royalists
3. did establish a week bicameral legislature |
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| Monarch who's repressive measures led to the July Revolution |
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| Issued by Charles X and made death the penalty for attacking the church |
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| Issued by Charles X's political advisory Polignac and dissolved legislature, took away the right to vote from middle class and took away civil liberties |
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| The angry rebellion of the Parisian mob in response to the July Ordinances. In an effort to avoid a republic (whose notion was association with the chaos of the other revolutions) got rid of Charles X and crowned Louis Phillipe (a progressive liberal) |
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An Italian nationalist movement inspired by the French Revolution that led a revolt in the Sardinia that ultimately failed.
Scared "protector of absolutism" Metternich |
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| Metternich's statement that the great european powers had the right to intervene in revolutions to maintain peace . |
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| An english poet and acitivist that strongly supported the Greek Revolution-- example of the liberal support for the revolution by intellectuals in great european countries |
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| Though Metternich agreed to put down revolutions he agreed to aid the Greeks against the Ottomans because they did not want Russia claiming the land and they feared the power of the ottomans. |
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| With the death of influential Alexander I his heir was unsure and during the grace period a peaceful revolt against the appointment of Nicholas I arose that was violently put down and demonstrated the method of rule that Nicholas would come to use |
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| A british peaceful protest wanting universal male sufferage (a conservative parliament was in session and the FR inspired enlightened ideas) brutally put down. |
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| A response to the Peteloo Massacre that forbade the act of mass meeting. Only further angered protestors |
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| Made in response to the Peterloo Massacre and forbade labor unions- later repealed to appease liberals (first step to liberal reform of parliament) |
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| A much anticipated bill that hardly lived up to expectations. It extended the right to vote to the newly industrially wealthy. Proved that political reform through the parliamentary system was possible without revolution |
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| The first bill that showed a new harshness towards the poor from the new people in parliament. Required the poor to live in destitute workhouses |
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| A victory over the factory workers that set hours of work for women and children and established government inspection of factories. |
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| Established far before 1846 they imposed high tariffs on imported grain to aid the landed aristocracy. They were revoked and proved the influence of the industrial class in an effort to pay lower waged to their workers |
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