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Studied/friends/worked with Brentano/von Helmholtz/Charcot
Changed the way we speak
Hysteria for men and women; caused by sexual trauma in childhood
Oedipus/Elektra complex
Id/ego/superego
Psychosexual stages |
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Introspection: focus on 1) intentionality 2) subjective experience
Goal of introspection is to develop a taxonomy of the mind
Believed in comparing the number of similar experiences to grasp their essential nature |
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One of the first to wrote a book on how to do experimental psychology
Association reflex = automatically related to a stimuli
Physical science can explain all behaviours |
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Founder of Wurzburg school; splinters Wundt's empire
Rewrote Wundt's work to make it more accessible
Systematic experimental introspection/retrospection |
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Influenced by Wundt but disagreed with him about the will
Will = a byproduct of human activity; cannot be experienced
Believed that behaviour causes ideas |
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First female APA president, established her own lab, teaching position
Harvard wouldn't give her her PhD
Standardized test on nonsense syllables |
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Brought Wundt's work (minus cultural psychology) to America and developed structuralism
Supervised Margaret Fly Washburn and Edwin & Lucy Boring
Dimensions of consciousness (quality, intensity, extensity, protensity) |
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Worked with Wundt and on reaction time with Cattell
First psychological clinic
Coined the term "clinical psychology" |
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Psychology is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science
Coined the term "behaviourism"
Types of habits = emotional/manual/verbal |
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Wrote a book on comparative psychology
Anthropomorphism
Criticized for using anecdotal (not empirical) evidence |
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Comparative psychologist with an experimental approach
Used parsimony
"Is the cat in love with you, or is the cat hungry?" |
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Studied workers to minimize unnecessary body movements
Personal ambition is the most powerful incentive
Scientific management (plan 24hr, write plan, provide means) |
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"Father of the IQ Test" even though he didn't make it
Developed "mental level"
Mental orthopedics |
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Linked with Binet
Actual development of the IQ test
Mental age divided by chronological age |
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Jung's supervisor; studied with Charcot
Coined the term "schizophrenia"
Used hypnosis |
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Reflex arc = learning is a system
If a task is interesting, it's easier to engage students
Emphasized intelligent problem solving over memorization |
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Coined the term "mental test" and developed many
Environment develops intelligence: ambition, education, wealth, social connection
Co-founder of APA |
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Assumed link between cleverness and acuity
Increased tool set in stats: factor analysis & correlations
Two-factor theory of intelligence (G factor & S factor) |
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Focus on function of consciousness, not content
Origins in Darwin's theory of evolution
Embodies functionalism's reaction to structuralism |
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Wrote a popular intro textbook, Experimental Psychology
Mental sets = temporary organization in the brain facilitating some responses & preventing others
Stimulus-organism-response; world-organism-world |
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Movement from comparative psychology to functionalism
Cats in puzzle boxes
Fundamental abilities are the same across species |
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Changed Freud's "libido" to "psychic energy"
Archetypes similar to Plato's ideas
Went away from psychoanalysis to found analytic psychology |
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Involved in army testing; added Alpha and Beta tests
Found that some people were intelligent but just couldn't read
Founded first non-human primate lab in the US |
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Adapted the scale for the American IQ test
Standardized the formula for IQ (added the x100)
Did testing of soldiers, immigrants, and mentally disabled |
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Hawthorne effect = any change in work conditions increases output
Changed the lighting and workers improved
Group pride can enhance group productivity |
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Focused on word association and language development
Came up with death instinct and discussed it with Freud
Influenced Jung's writing on the bipolar nature of the mind |
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Modified Freud's psychoanalysis because it was sexist
Found no evidence of penis envy; did find for status envy and womb envy
Rejected Freud's death instinct |
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| Letta Stetter Hollingworth |
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Definition
Challenged inherited intelligent and women being less intelligent than men
Proved women weren't impaired during menstrual cycle
Supervised Carl Rogers |
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"Draw-a-man test" assessed intelligence without relying on verbal ability
Event sampling vs time sampling
Maturation is more important than nurture; eventually viewed both as important |
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Director/founder of clinic for children at Stanford
Collaborated with Terman on Stanford-Binet intelligence test
Consultant for the juvenile court |
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Had dyslexia; adopted two children as a single mother
Father thought she was useless
Cattell infant intelligence scale still in use today |
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Defence mechanisms protect the ego from the disruptive influences of the unconscious wishes
Displacement/projection/rationalism/reaction formation |
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Co-developed the primary mental abilities test battery
Director of psychometrics lab |
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Developed the fields of industrial & organizational psychology
Developed the MCATs |
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italian immigrant living in the Bronx
Wrote Introduction to Psychological Testing
President of APA in 1971 |
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