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| discipline that systematically studies, evaluates human conduct and human character |
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| what we should do look at or believe |
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| better or worse but not the same answer for example kinds of conduct |
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| ability to make and be accountable for moral choices. |
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| when equally desirable or legitimate values stakes and duties conflict with each other |
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| we cannot justify our ethical choices |
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| what is ethical decided by social convention |
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| what is ethical is decided by personal preference |
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| whats ethical is decided entirely by the situation |
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| tend to lay down their rigid ethical values |
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| focus on character what kind of person should i be |
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| ethical obligation triggered by nature of action |
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| kants imperical imperative |
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| what makes an action right or wrong is whether it accords with reason. thus duties must be logically consistent. |
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| doing your duty if your actions treats persons as ends themselves kant |
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| lying is wrong because it depends persons of choice |
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| what did ross say about ethics |
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| duties have different weights |
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| when duties conflict our duty proper is to follow duties weighting the most in that situation |
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| ross duties triggered by earlier actions |
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| fidelity truth telling. gratitude-moral debt committed by others. reparation-making up for wrong |
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| ross duties triggered by chance to promote things we all value |
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justice
self improvement
benficence
non maleficence |
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| consequence based standard |
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| benefits outweigh consequences. |
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| consequence based theories |
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| claim that ethical obligation is triggered by the consequences of ones actions motive and other factors are not considered |
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| books principle of veracity |
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there is presumption against lying
that is truthfulness should be the default
lying can be justified but only as a last resort |
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| steps applying test of publicity |
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| exhaust truthful options >reflect on reasons for and against this >subject rationale to public of reasonable persons |
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| a deliberate effort to meslead through word image omission |
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| intentional decpetive message that is stated |
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| most blatant form of deception |
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| tends to have negative conseqences deprives the deceived of their autonomy truthfulness needed for us to live well together |
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| books principle of veracity |
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| truth should be default lying can be justified |
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| exhaust truthful options>reflect on reasons for and against the lie |
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reasonable persons all of those potentially deceived
identify with deceived and those affected by lying and thus are less optimistic than liars but they also are willing to excuse some lies. they are the stakeholdsers boo considers along with the liar and the deceived. reasonable persons should consider reasons offered by liars counter arguments in behalf of deceived. possibility that lie may spread be abused or generate even more undesirable practices |
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| strength of test of publicity |
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acknowledges lying can sometimes be justified
considers both consequences and autonomy
encourages empathy
reduces sloppy thinking and bias
considers deceptive practices as well as individuals |
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| weaknesses of test of publicity |
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| impratical for quick minor decisions many impose too strict for a standard for honesty. |
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-6 stages of moral growth
- not a normative theory
- but model implies that later stages are better |
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| as you mature your moral reasoning becomes |
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less self centered
more abstract
more universal
more complex |
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focused primarily on your own interests
motive to avoid punishment or get away with what you can |
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focused on social conventions or laws
no independent thinking or ambiguity
motives to fit in maintain order |
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stage 5 utility
motive to increase the overall good
rules and laws are judged based on their tendency to benefit us all |
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| stage 6 universal principles |
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motive live with integrity
principles do not depend on convention or laws
must apply to all with out favor |
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claimed kohl bergs theory was based on typically male way of thinking about ethics
Womens moral views shaped by their relationships not general principles
her views led to care based theories
ethics is based on personal bonds
motive is to care for and to be cared for
agent>action>outcome |
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stresses mutually supportive relationships
encourages agets to be guided by natural models of caring instead of rules
less obligated to care for those outide our personal relationships
we learn to deliberately extend caring to others
stakeholders in nodding theory are family members |
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| strength of nodding theory |
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does not depend on the following rules
partiality ok in some cases
weakneses no clear guide for action
flexibility can lead to sloppy thinking
allows special treatment
may be impractical in public settings. |
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| a being theory encourages moral agents to be guided by models of virtue ethics+ the good life |
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| human flourishing not just happy feeling or pleasurable expieience. virtuous agents consistently do right thing as expression of their character traits. Character traits are habitual dispositions or commitments to acting in specific ways. |
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| charcter traits that promote human flourishing and are worthy of imitation. Exercised consciously, reasonably and for own sake. integrated in the good person. theory say roles provide standard of excellency. courage is always good but has different meaning and priority in the classroom. what a virtue means may be different for you |
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| aristotle proposed golden mean for identifying virtues. reason should direct our emotions so we avoid the extremes of deficiency and excels. |
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| moderarte stance leads to expressing a character trait with right emotion. learn from mistakes take aim reflect |
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| strength of virtue ethics |
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considers emotion
person centered rather than miscentered
encourage going above and beyond
recognizes ethical expectations built into roles |
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| weaknessesn of virtue ethics |
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hard to evaluate character based on actions
does not give precise guide for actions
can excuse wrong doing easily
not clear how to identify role models |
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inductive method for ethical decision making. not a theory. ntended for use with hard cases. proceeds by way of comparison. analogical logic allows valid case comparisons. rules gert concrete meaning from specific situations.
use hard cases hypothetical and rule and name morals |
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| conditions for hard cases "casuistry" |
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when rules conflict
when rules apply only |
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| when no rules seem to apply to all |
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| what theories do in casuistry |
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help us spot paradigms
accent relevant character
set limit on judgments
link rules ideas |
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recognize not always best starting point
open to revising rules. |
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role of theory is unclear
potential bias and laxity
wrong paradigm can derail analyses depends heavily on casuists |
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| intentional concealment of knowledge about someone or something |
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| being entrusted with someone else's secret. you are expected not to disclose secret |
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| promotes autonomy freedom tom make choices-kant big advocate of autonomy |
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| to control information about ones self |
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