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| a group of people who share a culture and a territory. |
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| the group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society |
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| the application of systematic methods to obtain knowledge and the knowledge obtained by those methods |
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| the application of the scientific approach to the social world |
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| the scientific study of society and human behavior |
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| Marx's term for the struggle between capitalists and workers |
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| the degree to which members of a group bonds; also known as social cohesion |
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| the use of sociology to solve problems-from the micro level of family relationships to the macro level of crime and pollution |
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| a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; an explantion of how two or more facts are related to one another |
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| a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another |
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| a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources |
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| an examination of small-scale patterns of society |
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| what people do when they are in one another's presence |
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| communication without words through gestures use of space, silence and so on |
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| a statement of how variables are expected to be related to one another, often according to predictions from a theory |
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| a factor thought to be significant for human behavior, which can vary (or change) from one case to another |
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| the way in which a researcher measures a variable |
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| research method(or research design) |
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| one of six procedures that sociologists us to collect data; surveys, participant observation secondary analysis, documents, experiments, and unobtrusive measures |
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| the extent to which an operational definition measures what it was intended to measure |
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| the extent to which research produces consistent or dependable results |
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| the collection of data by having people answer a series of questions |
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| the target group to be studied |
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| the individuals intended to represent the population to be studed |
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| a sample in which everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study |
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| people who respond to a survey, either in interviews or by self-administered questionnaires |
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| questions that are followed by a list of possible answers to be selected by the respondent |
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| questions that respondents answer in their own words |
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| participant observation(fieldwork) |
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| research in which the researcher participates in a research setting while observing what is happening in the setting |
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| the analysis of data that have been collected by other reserchers |
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| the use of control and experimental groups and dependent and independent variable to test causation |
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| the group of subjects who are not exposed to the independent variable |
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| a factor that causes a change in another variable, called the dependent variable |
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| a factor that is changed by an independent variable |
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| ways of observing people who do not know they are being studied |
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| the view that a sociologist personal values or biases should not influence social research |
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| the standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly |
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| repeating a study in order to test its findings |
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