Indications:

Diabetes

MOA:

Inhibits intestinal Alpha-glucosidase → reduces conversion of starch and disaccharides to monosaccharides. Reduces postprandial hyperglycermia

Indications:

Glaucoma, intercrainial HTN, add on to PG/beta blocker; for sulfa allergy pts, diuretic (hyperglycemia)

Mechanism of Action:

CAI (epithelium of ciliary body) → reduced aqueous humor/CSF production (oral). It is a non-bacterial sulfonimide

Precautions:

sulfanamide allergy

Indication:

osteoporosis

MOA:

Bisphosphanate: Selective inhibitor of bone demineralization & reabsorption. Increase bone mineral density.

Precautions:

Flatulence, dysphagia, irritation of the esophagus

Indication:

insomnia, anxiety

Mechanism of Action:

Benzodiazepine. Bind GABA type A receptor subtypes

Precautions:

Potential for abuse. Must taper off.

Indications:

Parkinsons

Mechanism of Action:

Antiviral agent, with mild antiparkinsons activity

Indication:

produce mild diuresis

Mechanism of Action:

Potassium-Sparing Diuretic (block epithelial sodium channels in distal convoluted tubules)

Side Effect:

hyperkalemia (thirst, dry mouth & drowsiness)

Indication:

antidysrhythmia

Mechanism of Action:

Potassium channel blocker--prolongs repolarization

Class III antidysrhythmic agent

Side Effects:

too toxic for long term use, pulmonary fibrosis, thyroidism, optic neuritis, corneal deposits

Indication:

Indications:

Antibiotic. -UTI, sinusitis, otitis, lower respiratory tract infections

Mechanism of Action:

Extended spectrum Penicillin. Greater activity against gram negative bacteria

Indication:

prevents MI

Mechanism of Action:

thrombolytic

Antiplatelet agent (Irreversibly inhibits COXs by covalent acetylation; inhibits formation of thromboxan. It  will stay with platlet for its life, while tylenol does not)

Side Effect:

brain hemorrhage in overdose

Indications:

antianginal; ↓ heart O2 demand by ↓HR. HTN, Arrhythmia, MI

Mechanism of Action:

ß adrenoreceptor blocking drug

Side Effect:

Asthma (broncho-constriction), mask broncoconstriction in DM, insomnia, depression

Indication:

antihyperlipidemic (most effective)

Mechanism of action:

HMG-CoA RI (Statin) (inc. lipid degredation, inc. cholesterol removal)

Side Effects:

Muscle pain, rhabdo-myolysis (SkM degeneration with possible renal failure)

Indications:

Treatment of anti-ChE poisoning, and amblyopia. Blocks ACh receptor, Anesthetic, cycloplegic, myriatic. treats inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Contraindications:

don't  use on down syndrome pts becasue they are hyperreactive

Mechanism of action:

Muscarinic antagonist (indirect)

Antidiarrheal

analgesic

Indications:

antihypertensive. antiangina, treats HTN, arrhythmias

Mechanism of Action:

sympatholytic (ß adrenoreceptor blocking drug)

Indications:

postoperative ileus, congenital megacolon, urinary retention

Mechanism of action:

Muscarinic agonist

Indications:

antiglaucoma; ↑ uveoscleral outflow

Mechanism of Action:

Prostaglandin

Side Effects:

Causes most conjunctival redness. Can cause hyperpigmentation and lengthening of lashes.

Indications:

decrease wrinkles; creates inability to move muscles and therefore reducing wrinkles. (facial nerve block)

Mechanism of action:

blocks cholinergic synthesis and release

Indications:

antiglaucoma; ↓ pdtion of aqueous, and ↑ outflow. neuroprotective drug

Mechanism of Action:

Sympathomimietic (alpha-2 selective agonist)

Side effects:

ocular hyperemia

Indications:

antiglaucoma (↓ pdtion of CSF and aqueous humor)

Mechanism of Action:

Carbon Anhydrase inhibitor (ophthalmic suspension)

Indication:

enhanced ocular penetration, treats postop inflammation and pain

Mechanism of Action:

NSAID (PG)

SE:

corneal toxicity (melting with long-term use) = all NSAIDS

Indication:

antihyperlipidemic

Mechanism of action:

Bile acid sequestrant (inc. lipoprotien degredation, inc. cholesterol removal)

Indication:

preanesthetic (45 to 70 min. before surgery), treatment of GERD (inappropriate relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter)

Mechanism of Action:

H2 antagonist (preoperative medication and adjunct)

Indication:

severe familial hypercholesterolemia, antihyperlipidemic

Mechanism of action:

Fibric acid derivative (dec. TG, and inc. HDL; block lipolysis of stored TG in adipocyles and inhibit hepatic uptake of FAs)

Side Effects:

GI, blurred vision, muscle weakness

Indication:

prevents MI

Mechanism of Action:

Antiplatelet agent

Side Effect:

GI, bleeding

Indication:

Local anesthetic, used to test for Horner's Syndrome; if dilation = physiologically anisocoria, if no dilation = pathological.

Mechanism of Action:

Sympathomimetic (indirect agonist)

Block high affinity reuptake

Indication:

antiallergy (use a couple of days before seaonal allergies start), antiinflammatory treatment capable of reducing BHR

Mechanism of Action:

Inhibits release of histamine from mast cells

Inhibits exercise induced bronchospasm (EIB)

Alters function of delayed Cl- channels, thus inhibiting cellular activation. Inhibits mast cell degranulation. Active only in lung when enhaled.

Side Effects:

bitter taste, throat irritation, cough

Indications:

mydriatic and cycloplegic, iritis, uveitis

Mechanism of action:

Muscarinic antagonist

Indication:

antidote to malignant hyperthemia

Mechanism of Action:

Skeletal muscle relaxant

Indications:

anti-mydriatic

Mechanism of Action:

sympatholytic (alpha adrenergic antagonist)

Indication:

ocular inflammation, raises IOP

Mechanism of Action:

Corticosteroid (subotimal efficiency, potential for undesired SEs)

Indication:

treat ocular allergy (antiinflammatory)

Mechanism of Action:

NSAID (PG)

Indication:

CHF, atrial fibrillation & flutter [Inhibits ATPase (sodium pump), ↑ intracellular [Ca] exert +ve ionotropic action, ↑myocardial contraction ↓ heart size & ↑ renal blood flow]

Mechanism of Action:

Cardiac glycoside

ionotropic drug

Side Effect:

HA, visual disturbances

Indications:

antiglaucoma (↓ pdtion of CSF and aqueous humor)

Mechanism of Action:

Carbon Anhydrase inhibitor (ophthalmic solution)

Indication:

ocular inflammation, blepharitis

Mechanism of Action:

Corticosteroid

Indications:

antiglaucoma, indirect miotic

Mechanism of action:

ChE inhibitor

Duration of action:

100 hrs.

Indications:

diagnosis of myasthenia gravas, reversal of neuromuscular blockade, supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, indirect miotic

Mechanism of action:

ChE inhibitor

Duration of action:

5 to 15 min.

Indications:

antiglaucoma; ↓ pdtion of aqueous, and ↑ outflow. Vasoconstrictor, treats asthma and cardiac arrest. Increase duration of IV anesthetics.

Mechanism of Action:

Sympathomimietic (beta-1 selective agonist)

Ionotropic drug

Indication:

treats gastroparesis, enhances GIT contractions and gastric emptying

Mechanism of Action:

Promotility and antiemetic agent (activates neural and smooth muscle motilin receptors)

Indication:

treatment of GERD (inappropriate relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter)

Mechanism of Action:

H2 receptor antagonist (decrease acid secretion usually activated by histamine)

Indications:

Identification of degenerated cells

Mechanism of Action:

Dye (a yellow water-soluble dibasic acid dye of the xanthine series that produces an intense green fluorescent color in alkaline solution. lower flourescent integrity than flouracin)

Side Effects:

soft CL discoloration (not as bad as flouracin)

Indication:

ocular inflammation, inc. IOP

Mechanism of Action:

Corticosteroid

Indication:

treatment for both moderate and severe asthma, and used for treatment of acute exacerbations of COPD

Mechanism of Action:

Glucocorticoid (dec. inflammation in asthma. Supress expression of inflammatory genes. Induce transcription of anti-inflammatory genes)

Side Effect:

heme-deaysis (fungal thrush)

Indication:

DOC Acute pulmonary edema (CHF), HTN, hypercalcemia (↑ tubular Ca secretion) 

Mechanism of Action:

loop diuretic (inhibit Na & Cl reabsorptn ↑ excretion of H2O, Na, Cl & K More rapid and effective than thiazides, c greater diuresis)

Side Effects:

hyponatremia, ototoxicity hypokalemia (muscle cramps & weakness, irregular pulse)

Indications:

antiglaucoma

Mechanism of Action:

hyperosmotic agent; increases osmotic pressure of tears and plasma relative to ocular structures.

Side Effect:

Dry brain is a problem when taken too long.

Indications:

mydriatic and cycloplegic; for mmild uveitis

Mechanism of action:

Muscarinic antagonist

Indications:

myriatic, used to check for Horner's Syndrome; if dilation occurs = presynaptic lesion, if no dilation = postsynaptic lesion.

Mechanism of Action:

indirect sympathomimetic (adrenergic agonist)

Indications:

useful for staining internal limiting membranes in macular surgery and anterior capsule during cataract surgery

Contraindication:

sodium iodide allergy (treat with epinephrine, antihistamines, corticosteroids)

Mechanism of action:

Dye (negligible renal, peripheral, lung, or cerebrospinal uptake of the dye)

Indication:

Treatment of PG induced asthma. Relieves fever, pain, stiffness, and swelling.

Mechanism of Action:

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (inhibits production of PGs)

Indications:

aerosol for COPD, and asthma

Mechanism of action:

Muscarinic antagonist (causes bronchodilation)

Beta-blocker

Indication:

treat ocular allergy (antiinflammatory)

Mechanism of Action:

NSAID (PG)

Indication:

treat ocular allergy (antiinflammatory)

Mechanism of Action:

H1 Receptor Blocker

Indication:

Treatment of HTN, antiangina

Mechanism of Action:

Non-selective beta-adrenergic blocker

Indications:

antiglaucoma; ↑ uveoscleral outflow

Mechanism of Action:

Prostaglandin

Side Effects:

Can cause hyperpigmentation and lengthening of lashes.

Indications:

short surgical procedures; gynecologic and orthopedic applications. Antidysrhythmia

Mechanism of Action:

local anesthetic (short-acting)

Class 1b antidysrhythmic agent

Indication:

assessing dry eye conditions and can be helpful in detecting recurrent corneal erosions and herpetic ulcers. easier to see than rose bengal in red, inflamed, or hemorrhagic eyes, and the effect of the dye appears to last longer.

Mechanism of Action:

Dye (Stains dead or degenerated corneal and conjunctival cells and precipitated mucus  Nonirritating to most patients, and no adverse effects or contraindications)

Indication:

preanesthetic (45 to 70 min. before surgery)

Mechanism of Action:

Benzo (preoperative medication and adjunct)

Indication:

ocular inflammation

Mechanism of Action:

Mast Cell Stabilizer (most effective histamine stibilizer)

Indication:

treatment of GERD (inappropriate relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter, heart burn, esophagitis)

Mechanism of Action:

Antacid (neutralize secreted acid), weak base

Indications:

antiglaucoma

Mechanism of Action:

hyperosmotic agent; increases osmotic pressure of tears and plasma relative to ocular structures.

Side Effect:

Dry brain is a problem when taken too long.

methycellulose

Indication:

purgative

Mechanism of Action:

Laxative

Indication:

preanesthetic (45 to 70 min. before surgery), antiemetic, treats gastroparesis

Mechanism of Action:

Promotility and antiemetic (preoperative medication and adjunct, activates neural and smooth muscle motilin receptors)

DA antagonist at D2-receptors that inhibit release of ACh

Indications:

antihypertensive, antiangina, treats HTN, CHF, antidysrhythmias

Mechanism of Action:

Sympatholytic (beta-1 selective blocker)

Class II antidysrhythmetic agent

Indication:

treatment of GERD (inappropriate relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter, heart burn, esophagitis)

Mechanism of Action:

Prostaglandin (inhibit mucusal PGs, decrease acid secretion)

Indication:

treatment of asthma symptoms (chest tightness, wheezing, shortness of breath, or coughing)

Mechanism of Action:

CycLT receptor antagonist

Indication:

preanesthetic (45 to 70 min. before surgery)

Mechanism of Action:

Opioid (preoperative medication and adjunct)

Indication:

to enhance cholinergic transmission

Mechanism of action:

Muscarinic agonist

Indication:

antiallergy (use a couple of days before seaonal allergies start), antiinflammatory treatment capable of reducing BHR

Mechanism of Action:

Inhibits release of histamine from mast cells

Inhibits exercise induced bronchospasm (EIB)

Alters function of delayed Cl- channels, thus inhibiting cellular activation. Inhibits mast cell degranulation. Active only in lung when enhaled.

Side Effects:

bitter taste, throat irritation, cough

Indications:

postoperative ileus, congenital megacolon, urinary retention, reversal of neorumuscular blockade, indirect miotic

Mechanism of action:

ChE inhibitor

Duration of action:

0.5 to 2 hrs.

Indication:

treat pain and inflammation associated with cataract surgery

Mechanism of Action:

NSAID (PG)

Indications:

nicotinic transmission at skeletal neuromuscular junction, antihyperlipidemia

Mechanism of Action:

nicotinic agonist

Indication:

antianginal

Mechanism of Action:

Calcium channel blocker

Indication:

treat ocular allergy (antiinflammatory)

Mechanism of Action:

H1 Receptor Blocker

Indication:

preanesthetic (45 to 70 min. before surgery)

treats peptic ulcers caused by bacillus bacteria (with antibiotic), high acid production, or chronic NSAID use.

treats Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (gastrin-secreting tumor).

Mechanism of Action:

Proton Pump Inhibitor (preoperative medication and adjunct)

Inhibits H+, K+-ATPase, dec. acid secretion

Indication:

Antihyperlipidemia

Mechanism of Action:

Cholesterol Absorption blocker (inhibitor of lipase)

Indication:

induce labor contractions during birth

Mechanism of Action:

Induces contrations only during labor, unlike PGs that can induce contractions throughout pregnancy

Indication:

causes vasodilation, treat HTN

Mechanism of Action:

alpha adrenergic antagonist

Indication:

Decongestant, mydriatic, and inc. BP.Increase duration of IV anesthetics.

Mechanism of Action:

Sympathomimetic (alpha-1 selective agonist)

Indications:

antiglaucoma, indirect acting miotic, treatment for atropine overdose

Mechanism of action:

ChE inhibitor

Duration of action:

0.5 to 2 hrs.

Indications:

antiglaucoma, direct acting miotic

Mechanism of action:

Muscarinic agonist

Indications:

treatment of muscarinic excess (chemical warfare, pesticides)

Mechanism of action:

phosphorylated ChE reactivator

Indication:

ocular inflammation, anti-inflammatory, more for uveitis

Mechanism of Action:

Corticosteroid (ester based, short-term effect)

Indication:

Local anesthetic for eye surgery

Mechanism of Action:

Sympathomimetic (indirect agonist)

Block high affinity reuptake

Side Effects:

local irritation and stinging may occur several hrs. after instillation.

Indication:

during surgery

Mechanism of Action:

Intravenous anesthetic; induction and maintinance of unconsciousness. Lipophyllic; prevent neural conduction of signals

Side Effects:

Drowsy, tired, fuzzy thinking, blur, muscle pain lasting a few days

*Micheal Jackson overdosed on this

Indications:

antidysrhythmia

Mechanism of Action:

ß adrenoreceptor blocking drug

Class II antidysrhythmetic agent

Side Effects:

GI, insomia, nightmares, hypotension, bradycardia

Indication:

preanesthetic (45 to 70 min. before surgery), treatment of GERD (inappropriate relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter)

Mechanism of Action:

H2 receptor antagonist (preoperative medication and adjunct)

Indication:

ocular inflammation, inc. IOP, anterior uveitis

Mechanism of Action:

Corticosteroid (potent)

Indications:

assessment of ocular surface integrity (diagnosis of herpetic keratitis, corneal abrasions, and detection of foreign bodies), differential diagnosis of dry eye syndromes

Mechanism of Action:

Dye (stains cells of the cornea and conjunctiva--including the nuclei and cell walls--a red color)

Side Effects:

Can cause irritation and discomfort

Indication:

treatment of asthma (long-acting; half-life = 12hrs.)

Mechanism of Action:

Beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist (inc. cAMP conc. and inhibits SM contraction)

Indications:

Treatment motionsickness, cycloplegic (anesthetic), mydriatic

Mechanism of action:

Muscarinic antagonist

Antiemetic

Indication:

antihyperlipidemic (most effective)

Mechanism of action:

HMG-CoA RI (Statin) (inc. lipid degredation, inc. cholesterol removal)

Side Effects:

Muscle pain, rhabdo-myolysis (SkM degeneration with possible renal failure)

Indication:

corneal edema temporary relief,

Mechanism of Action:

Topical hyperosmotic

Indications:

topical = assessment of ocular surface integrity, determination of tear break-up time. IV = evaluate retinal vascular function.

Mechanism of Action:

Dye (a yellow water-soluble dibasic acid dye of the xanthine series that produces an intense green fluorescent color in alkaline solution)

Side Effects:

Hypersensitivity, soft CL discoloration, pain in arm for several hrs. with IV injection, nausea, HA, GI distress, hypotension...lots of bad things.

Indication:

produce mild diuresis

Mechanism of Action:

Potassium-Sparing Diuretic (decrease sodium reabsorption)

Side Effect:

hyperkalemia (thirst, dry mouth & drowsiness)

Indication:

severe pulmonary embolism, DVT, & arterial thromboembolism, MI, stroke

Mechanism of Action:

thrombolytic (facilitate conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, which subsequently hydrolyzes fibrin to dissolve blot clots)

Side Effect:

Bleeding

Indication:

treats peptic ulcers

Mechanism of Action:

Mucosal protectant (forms a viscous barrier by binding electrostatically to + tissue proteins and mucin w/in ulcer crater.

Indication:

treatment of asthma (short-acting)

Mechanism of Action:

Beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist (inc. cAMP conc. and inhibits SM contraction)

Indication:

Local anesthetic for long, complicated surgical procedures

Mechanism of Action:

Sympathomimetic (indirect agonist)

Block high affinity reuptake

Side Effects:

transient stingin, burning, and conjunctival redness

Indication:

Prevent episodes of airway obstruction

Mechanism of Action:

Methylxanthine (similar to caffeine. causes bronchodilation by inhibition of phosphodiesterase. May also act as an adenosine recepter antagonist)

Indications:

Treatment of Glaucoma; Reduces IOP via reduction of aqueous humor production (~25% reduction), Antihypertensive, antiangina, treats MI, and arrhythmias

Mechanism of Action:

sympatholytic (ß adrenoreceptor blocking drug)

Indications:

antiglaucoma; ↑ uveoscleral outflow

Mechanism of Action:

Prostaglandin

Side Effects:

Can cause hyperpigmentation and lengthening of lashes.

Indication:

ocular inflammation

Mechanism of Action:

Corticosteroid (low to moderate potancy)

SE:

Thinning of the eyelid with long-term use

Indication:

produce mild diuresis

Mechanism of Action:

Potassium-Sparing Diuretic (block epithelial sodium channels in distal convoluted tubules)

Side Effect:

hyperkalemia (thirst, dry mouth & drowsiness)

Indication:

Treatment of hypertensive emergencies during surgery

Mechanism of action:

Ganglionic/nicotinic blocker

Indications:

mydriatic and cycloplegic

Mechanism of action:

Muscarinic antagonist

Indication:

antianginal, ↓BP, antidysrhythmia, treat HTN,

Mechanism of Action:

Calcium channel blocker

Class III antidysrhythmetic agent

Side Effects:

Dizziness, HA, depression

Indication:

treatment of wet macular degeneration, characterized by “subfoveal” neovascularization

Mechanism of Action:

1. IV injection

2. LDL form a chemical complex

3. Creation of the verteporfin molecule (the active ingredient of Visudyne therapy)

4. The abnormal vessels attract and absorb the LDL-Visudyne complex.

5. The abnormal, fast growing BVs take up the LDL-Visudyne complex 10x faster than normal cells

6. About 10 or 15 minutes after the injection, doctor shine cool red (690nm) laser diode light into the eye for about 90 seconds. activating the verteporfin, creating free oxygen molecules. The oxygen reacts with the abnormal blood vessel cells and effectively “burns” them up.

7. The abnormal vessels are destroyed.

Side Effects:

headache, injection site reaction (i.e., oozing or rash), and blurred or reduced vision may occur. Drug is activated by light, so patients must avoid exposing their eyes or any part of their skin to sunlight or bright indoor light for up to 5 days after treatment. Photodynamic therapy is typically given every 3 months and as many times as needed to prevent regrowth of the abnormal vessels.

Indication:

long-term anticoagulant

Mechanism of Action:

anticoagulant agent (interferes with the hepatic synthesis of vitK-dependent clotting factors [prothrombin (II), VII, IX, and X])

Side Effects:

Bleeding, teratogenicity

Indication:

treatment of asthma symptoms (chest tightness, wheezing, shortness of breath, or coughing)

Mechanism of Action:

CycLT receptor antagonist

Indication:

treatment of asthma symptoms (chest tightness, wheezing, shortness of breath, or coughing)

Mechanism of Action:

Lipoxygenase inhibitor (inhibits formation of LTs)

-olol

(suffix)

1) Classification?

2) Prototype for class?

1) β-adrenoceptor blocking drug

2) Propranolol

-caine

(suffix)

1) Classification?

2) Prototype for class?

1. Local anesthetic
2. Cocaine, procaine

-dipine

(suffix)

1) Classification?

2) Prototype for class?

1. Calcium channel blocker of the dihydropyridine type
2. Nifedipine

-tidine

(suffix)

1) Classification?

2) Prototype for class?

1. H₂ histamine receptor antagonist
2. Cimetidine

-prazole

(suffix)

1) Classification?

2) Prototype for class?

1. Proton pump inhibitor
2. Omeprazole

-quine

(suffix)

1) Classification?

2) Prototype for class?

1. Antimalarial drugs
2. Chloroquine

-ane

(suffix)

1) Classification?

2) Prototype for class?

1. Halogenated hydrocarbon general anaesthetics
2. Halothane

-zosine

(suffix)

1) Classification?

2) Prototype for class?

1. α-adrenoceptor blockers (not all)
2. Prazosin

-profen

(suffix)

1) Classification?

2) Prototype for class?

1. One class of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
2. Ibuprofen

-clovir

(suffix)

1) Classification?

2) Prototype for class?

1. Antiviral (herpes) drugs
2. Aciclovir

-mycin

(suffix)

1) Classification?

2) Prototype for class?

1. macrolide/aminoglycoside antibiotics
2. Erythromycin/streptomycin

-cycline

(suffix)

1) Classification?

2) Prototype for class?

1. Tetracycline-derived broad-spectrum antibiotics
2. Tetracycline

-ium

(suffix)

1) Classification?

2) Prototype for class?

1. Competitive neuromuscular blockers
2. Decamethonium

-mab

(suffix)

1) Classification?

2) Prototype for class?

1. Monoclonal antibodies
2. Anti-IgE

-zolam, -zepam

(suffix)

1) Classification?

2) Prototype for class?

1. Benzodiazepine sedatives
2. midazolam, diazepam

Aminoglutethimide

Indication:

Glucocorticoid Antagonist

MOA:

Blocks conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone, reduce synthesis of hormonally active steroids

Indication:

Depression

MOA:

Tetracyclic. Increases NE & serotonin in CNS by blocking reuptake.

Precautions:

Dry mouth, blur, confusion, sedation, hypotension. *Coma, convulsions, cardiotoxicity. *slow onset