-means jointed foot

 -exoskeleten made of chitin

 -body composed of segments

 -jointed appendages

 -open circulatory system 

-bilateral symmetry

 -sexual reproduction

-means lip foot

-3,000 species in class

traits:

*one pair of legs per segment

-predators: eat small arthropods; frequently poisonous venom

-live in soil and humans 

-means two feet

-8,000 species in class

traits:

*two pair of legs per body segment

-feed on decaying organic matter (ooze material as a defense mechanism)

-means hard or shell-like

-26,000 species in this class

traits:

-branched appendages

-aquatic 

-means spider

-57,000 species in this class

traits:

-no antennae

-two body segments

-terrestrial

-carnivorous 

-means into cut

*1,000,000 named species in this class

*three body segments: (1) head (2) thorax (3) abdomen

-six legs

-most adults have wings

-two antennae

-breathe through openings in the body

-only invertebrate that can fly 

substance composed of chlorinated hydrogen

-discovered DDT in 1938

-found useful for killing insects

-won Nobel Peace Prize for discovery

1929

1932

1936

*the year that Rachel Carson got her B.A. from Pennsylvania College

*the year that Rachel Carson got an M.A. in Marine Biology at John Hopkins 

*worked for the federal bureau of fisheries 

worked for the Environment Defense Fund

led the fight against DDT 

1970

1972 

the year that the Environmental Protection Agency was formed

the year that the US banned DDT use 

DDT trapped in animal fat

as it travels up the food chain, the concentration increases because they are fat soluble, difficutl to excrete, and many collect in many parts of the body 

-Dept. of Ento @ Cornell University

*less than 0.1% of pesticides applied to crops reach target pest 

a synthetic estrogen

given to:

pregnant women to reduce miscarriages

girls who were too tall, acne, stop flow of mother's breast milk

chickens and cows to promote growth

caused: women to develop vaginal cancer 

given to pregnant women to combat morning sickness

shown in 1962 to cause birth defects (flipper like appendages instead of arms and legs)

now used to treat leprosy 

insects whose larvae consume their host and feed on a narrow range of insects:

parasitic wasps

parasitic flies 

-female wasp paralyzes caterpillar with venom

-female wasp lays eggs on the outside of caterpillar

-larvae hatch and feed on caterpillar 

female

male 

female wasp decides sex of her young

a fertilized egg is a _______ 

whereas an unfertilized egg is a ______ 

-female adult wasp lays eggs inside caterpillar

-wasp larvae hatch and eat caterpill from inside but *don't  damage the caterpillar's internal organs

 the caterpillar will remain alive but will never reach pupa stage

-bacteria produces toxic protein that kills insects

-currently used for gypsy moth in North GA

*it must be eaten

 -

_____ are very specific; only a few insect species are attacked by each type.

_____ act too slowly. pest insect lives for several days after eating it. 

_____ is gene specific. insert gene into virus DNA and *insect dies very quickly

*discovered by UGA and American Cyanamid 

+: provides protection, muscles attach to this, limits water loss

-: when insect grows, it must molt (insect is susceptile) 

-13% of species

-immature stage looks similar to adult stage

egg ---> nymph ---> adult 

-87% of insect species

egg ---> larva ---> pupa ---> adult 

a period of arrested development in metamorphosis

in Fall is triggered by short days 

*extract water from host sugar

*cuticular lipids (wax layer) prevents hydration 

primitive insect wings

advanced insects 

wings do not fold

wings fold 

 the main component of insect cuticle

its an aminosugar polymer that doesn't break down very quickly 

insect blood that distributes nutrients and hormones

allows insects to live longer with injuries 

-Sex (find a mate)
-Alarm (warn others of danger)'

-Aggregation (attract others to food)
-Trail (follow leader to find food)

*takes place in abdomen

*produces: Quinones + heat + oxygen + noise

-spray can be aimed 

*birds learn to avoid this, but spiders do it.

-males give off toxin to female

*female selects the most toxic in order to protect herself and pass it on to offspring

from Smithsonian Institute, estimated the total number of tropical arthropods at *30,000,000

*finds 1,200 beetle species

*163 are host specific

* 50,000 tropical trees

*8,000,000 beetles

*beetles=40% of arthropods, therefore total= 20,000,000

*ground dwelling= 10,000,000

*total 30,000,000 

between 10 and 30 million

1 million 

number of insect species on earth....

number of insect species on that have been scientifically described... 

dinosaur age: 1 every, 1000 years

now: 1 every day 

-means equal wings

-2,230 species

*incomplete metamorphosis

-caste system

-reproductives have wings

-closely related to the cockroach 

-soldiers

-workers

-king

-queen 

-reproductive division of labor

-cooperative care of young

-overlap in generations 

-means short lived; wings

-2,000 species

-incomplete metamorphosis

-eggs laid in water; nymphs breath with gills and feed on plants

*nymphs live 1-3 years

*adults have 2 pairs of wings and 2-3 tails

*adults mate and die in 1-2 days 

*means tooth (biting/chewing mouthparts)

-5,000 species

*incomplete metamorphosis

-adults have 2 pairs of wings

*VERY large eyes & VERY small antennae

*long abdomen

-nymphs are aquatic

-considered predators 

- 

1. damselflies are smaller than dragonflies

2. damselflies hold their wings straight back while at rest, while dragonflies hold theirs to the side

3. damselflies lay their eggs in plant stems underwater while dragonflies lay theirs on the surface 

-nymph stage lasts 1-3 years

-for 2 or more hours, the adult will be soft, immobile, and defenseless

-step 1. pump hemolyph into wings

-hunt their prey by night

-use leg hairs to catch prey and hold them

*muscles are attached directly to wings (like birds and bats) 

-males are territorial

-mate in "wheel position"

*blatta means cockroach

-3,500 species

*incomplete metamorphosis

-chewing mouthparts

-two pairs of wings

*nocturnal omnivores

-flattened body 

-only 20 species pests

-peripheral vision

-antennae detect food & water

-tail hairs sensitive to movement

-run at equivalent of 93 mph

-some can go for a whole month w/o food

-over 3,000 registered roach killing products

-98% of roaches carry at least 2 types of bacteria that cause diharrea & food poisoning

- 

-male offers food gift to female

-secretes sticky substance on his back and she eats it off

-mate end to end

-female mates only once & stores the sperm

-egg capsule forms 10 days after mating

-can have up to 7 broods

-40 eggs inside each ootheca

-80% survival rate at birth

-can mate 2 months after birth 

*means straightwings

-20,000 species

-incomplete metamorphosis

-chewing mouthparts

-front wings are narrow; back wings are fan-like (frequently bright colored to warn predators)

*strong hind legs

*males produce sound

*sound receptor is on their leg or abdomen

-herbivores

-can lay dormant in soil until it rains 

-each species has a different song

-more cherps/sec = higher temp

rubbing a leg against a wing

-wings and legs have bumps/ridges that are comparable to a "file and a scraper" 

two males together- one will call and the other waits. when female arrives the silent male will give a brief call and perhaps she will mate with him instead (this gene can be passed down)

bright in color (aposematic)

have a noxious foam that oozes from their mouth and thorax (they do not produce this foam; they eat poisonous food on purpose and sequester it)

*blew/flew to the Americas from Africa

-fly in clouds over the ocean and feed on each other to make the distance

-travel on winds that accompany weather fronts

-#1 agricultural pest in the world

-two phases: 1. solitary 2. gregarious

-stimulation of hairs on the back of legs of solitary locusts causes swarming 

*means half wings (half transparent)

-68,000 species

*true bugs are in this order

-incomplete metamorphosis

-piercing/sucking mouthparts

-transmit diseases 

-mouthparts (beak) swings forward

-base of forewing is hardened

-back of forewing is membranous

-many species are predators

-many have "stink" glands

-sometimes lay eggs in clusters

-painful bites

-has piercing/sucking mouthparts

 -sucks hemolyph out of caterpillars  

-bayonet-like mouth

-vector of chagas' disease

-nocturnal

-attracted by heat and carbon dioxide 

*Vector= assassin bug  (kissing bug)

-when it eats, it defecates, host scratches, rubs fecal matter into wound (usually around mouth)

 *disease agent= Trypanasoma cruzi 

*protozoan

-attacks heart

-resevoir hosts are possums and armadillos 

use of a live vector to diagnose disease

in this case, letting healthy kissing bugs feed on you, then checking their fecal matter to see if it is in infected 

-mouthpart (beak) swings down

-plant feeders

-membranous wings

-agricultural pests

 -give birth to nymphs

-usually wingless

-when colony is overpopulated, they will be born with wings and when it comes time to mate, they will fly off and start a new colony 

a sweet, sticky substance excreted by aphids

(equivalent to manna in the bible)

*means sheath wings

-300,000 species (largest of insect orders)

*undergo complete metamorphosis

-chewing mouthparts

-forewings are hardened

-hind wings are membranous

-thickened exoskeleten

-appearance

-habitat

-host

-predators and parasitoids 

-lift up front wings & fly with hind wings

-eat aphids

-3,500 species

-larvae are voracious predators

-each female can lay hundreds of eggs in lifetime

-some larvae only take 13 days to become adult

-larvae are wingless

-doesnt spin a coccoon to morph, but molts into it 

*each species has unique flash pattern

*male and female have different patterns

-some females mimic patterns of other species and then prey on them

-light organ produces the light chemical

-larvae are aposematic

*produce light with Luciferin (98% of this energy is released as light)

-specialized mouthparts

-adult female lays one egg inside dung ball

-civet cats feed on these

-can't swallow solids

-adults emerge from underground

-larva--> pupa --> adult 

feed on dung beetles

produce civetone (a pheromone) in their anal glands 

*produces toxin called cantharidin

(aphrodisiac, medecine, destroys mucus lining) 

-female has long snout

-drills hole in acorn with snout

-puts egg in hole, one egg per acorn

-larva eats the acorn 

-predator

-traps air at end of abdomen

-hairs on legs to make oars

-protected from fish with toxic chemicals (causes high distress in them)

-scavenger

*has divided eyes so it can see above and below water

-spins in circles so that when waves hit food, it sends pulses back to them

-carries air bubble in order to breathe underwater 

*means scale wings (scales allow for color diversity)

-complete metamorphosis

-siphoning mouthparts

-wings have scales which are *modified hairs

-larvae feed on plants

-larvae spin silk

*greatest color variation among insects

-agricultural pests 

-upper wings are irridescent blue

-lower wings plain brown

-closing wings provides camoflauge

-leaf eating machines

-must molt 4-5 times

-soft cuticle

-need a defense: camo, warning coloration, toxic spines 

-larvae feed on milkweed

-predators leave larvae and adults alone

migrate to Mexico in the Fall and stay dormant there in the winter. in the spring they mate and return to the U.S. 

-limit water loss

-prevent fungal and bacterial infection

-deter herbivores 

-heal the wound to give it a "scab"

-produce toxic chemicals

-exude sap or gum

-form a gall (with an insect inside) 

-silicon oxide in leaves which makes it similiar to eating glass

-contains proteinase inhibitors so animals cannot digest food

-produce secondary plant products (toxic compounds) 

-habitat is low in nutrients

-digest the protein of their prey

-have modified structures in order to catch insects 

-Sundews (bright colors attract, leaves have sticky glue, leaf curls around insect, ensyme digests)

-Venus Fly Trap (trigger hairs inside leaf, rapid growth of outer leaf cells, native only to wetlands of NC and SC)

-Bladderworts (aquatic, bladder with trapdoor,hits hair and sucked into bladder in 1/100 of a sec)

-Pitcher Plants (flower-like, nectar and color attract, downward pointing hairs and loose wax, insect falls in)

*means two wings

-complete metamorphosis

*piercing, sucking, or sponging mouthparts

*one pair of membranous wings

-no hind legs

*have halteres that are stabilizers (replace hind legs)

-larvae=primitive... maggots

-many larvae are aquatic

*most harful insect order to humans 

-dysentary

-salmanila

-polio

-typhoid fever 

*vector=tsetse fly

*disease agent= Trypanosoma

*protozoan

-65,000 deaths/year 

*female does not lay eggs

*one egg hatches inside the female

*larvae develops inside

*mature larvae is born (heavier and larger than the mother)

-burrows into soil and pupates

-adult emerges

*female can only produce 8 larvae

-has to mate for a full hour... mates only once and stores the sperm

-lives for three months 

-eggs laid in/near water

*larvae are aquatic (siphon tube sticks above water for air)

*pupae are aquatic

 -adults live for 1-3 weeks

-only female mosquitos bite

-eggs hatch into larvae in 24-48 hours

Ronald Ross

Walter Reed 

man that showed in 1987 that mosquitoes vectored malaria

man who in 1900 showed that mosquitoes vectored yellow fever 

*vector: mosquito (genus aedes)

*disease agent: virus

-protective sheath

-a tube to suck blood

-knife like mouthparts

*saliva injector that stops bleeding

*vector: mosquito (genus Anopheles)

*disease agent: Plasmodium

*Protozoan

*causes 2 million deaths/year 

-feeds on infected host

-plasmodium mates in mosquitoes stomach

-moves to salivary glands

-feeds on new host

-moves to host's liver

-attacks the host's red blood cells

-red blood cells rupture

-repeats every 24, 48, or 96 hours 

Sickle Cell Anemia

mutation changed in the structure of hemoglobin; provided resistance to malaria; one copy survive malaria.... two copies have sickle cell anemia 

-means tube wingless

-compete metamorphosis

-piercing/sucking mouthparts

*do not have wings

-very narrow body

-good jumpers/runners

*many are disease vectors 

-lays 2000 eggs

-hatch within 1-10 days

-larvae feed on adult feces 

-heat

-carbon dioxide

-light

-movement 

protein in back legs of fleas that works like rubber bands

(this is what allows them to jump 200 times their body length) 

*world flea expert

-showed that female fleas respond to sex hormons of pregnant female host

-flea matches reproductive cylce to match host's

-female flea lays her eggs on babies of the host

*vector= fleas

*disease agent= Yersinia Pestis

*bacterium

*vector= mosquitoes

*disease organism= roundworm

*vector= black flies

disease organism= roundworm

-infected fly trasmits larval worms to a person that grow slowly

-adult worms produce yound which causes itchy and loose skin

the mutual resemblance of two or more unpalatable species to enhance predator avoidance

ex. two south american butterflies species: A&B... they are both toxic 

the resemblance of an organism to its background

ex. dead leaf butterfly or Nemonia arizonaria 

spring- caterpillar eats oak flowers & mimics the flowers

summer- caterpillar eats oak leaves and mimics a twig

passion vine leaves have toxins to deter insects

 some butterflies can eat only one passion vine species

passion vine leaves mimic eachother in order to confuse the butterfly

butterfly lays one egg per leaf because the larvae are cannibals

*passion vines make "mimic eggs" on the leaf

butterfly avoids passion vine leaves with "mimic" eggs

-praying (front arms are positioned as in prayer) and they are preyers

 *complete metamorphosis

*can be .5-6 inches long

-raptorial forelegs (spines lining which they use to grip prey)

-carnivorous

*long thorax

*eggs are laid in ootheca

-cryptic coloration 

Carolina

Chinese

Brutus 

-means apparition

*incomplete metamorphosis

-chewing mouthparts

-long and slender bodies

-cryptic coloration

-feed on plants

-feign death when threatened

*capable of autonomy (loss of leg in order to escape)

-sometimes give off a musky smell 

beetle

people dig up toxic beetle pupae, smash them up, and squish them into their arrows to make them toxic 

-main pest is mosquito

-eat ants, bee larvae, and wasp larvae

-place ant colonies near their crops

-ceremony to acquire the "power of wasps"-rite of passage 

they eat beetle larvae called Whitchedy Grubs (taste like Chicken)

Sago Palm tree provides:

1. starch

2. larvae of the capricorn beetle (protein snack)

3. chop tree down, leave it on ground, beetles come and lay eggs in it, then the people come and gather the larvae 

made a comic called the FAR SIDE

insects appear in cartoons more often in the winter 

*Flight of the Bumble-bee by Rimsky-Korsakov

Mariah Carey's butterfly 

combined art and entomology

painted larvae, pupae, and adult insects with their host plants

focused on the order Lepidoptera

1. they estimate the post mortem interval

2. assess the death scene (how person died)

3. used to show evidence of corpse transport/relocation

4. show injury prior to death

5. very useful in drug testing (insects can be tested for drugs more accurately than a body itself) 

1. basedon blow fly development (blowflies arrive almost immediately after death)

2. this testing is the most accurate w/in the first 30 days of death

3. several blow fly species are involved 

1. lay their eggs 2. larvae develop 3. development is temperature dependent 4. succession of the insects is predictable  5. it is necessary to search around the body because the larvae will fall to the ground in order to avoid being eaten by an animal that intends to feed on the corpse 6. insects are more likely to enter body orifices (usually the face) and wounds 7. larvae will leave the boday after feeding to find somewhere dry to pupate (could be in hair or clothing) 8. entomologists are usually called in after 72 hours

1. the murder took place at night

2. flies oviposit as soon as they find the body

3. the succesion of flies is predictable

4. weather station records are valid

5. the air temperature determines fly development 

1. A test animal is sacrificed

2. the environmental conditions are recorded

3. the succession of insects is monitored

4. this is a method of working backward to determine the time of death

5. temperature in a maggot mass can be 20 degrees higher than the rest of the air

6. a maggot mass can consume 60% of a body in one week

7. the life cycle of these insects is as reliable as clockwork 

-buried body

-body under water

-burned body

-body in a building 

-if a corpse is relocated there wil be few insects in the soil beneath the body

-it is a sign that a body has been relocated if the insects found in te body are "foreign" to that area 

-drug analysis of the corpse

-insects in food

-poaching 

a woman was raped by a man in a ski mask. the suspect had a mask in his apartment. the suspect claimed the mask had not been worn. there were burrs in the mask and at the crime scene. small caterpillars were contained inside these burrs. according to the life cycle of the moth, the eggs were laid the previous summer. the mask actually hadn't been outside in 6 months

characteristics of Arthropoda Arachnida Acari

1. 2 main body parts (cephalothorax & abdomen- no division between 2 segments)

2. usually have 8 legs

3. egg --> larva --> nymph --> adult

4. ticks parasitize mammals, birds, and reptiles

5. mites are free-living, plant or animal parasites 

*vector: deer tick

*disease agent: Borrelia

*bacterium

-bullseye rash @ feeding site 

-much smaller than dog tick

*nymph is the usual vector

* 1/3 of nymphs are infected

-1st year: larvae hatch, feed, and molt

-2nd year: nymphs feed and the adults emerge and feed

-birds disperse ticks 

-nervous sytem

-heart

-joints 

*vector= dog tick

*disease agent= Rickettsia

*bacterium 

-scorpions

-two long pincers

-tail with venom

-predators

-can survive extreme conditions

-blind use feelers to prey

male deposits sperm on his stalk and pulls female onto stalk

female bears live young

Baja California

scorpions can survive nuclear regions and glow under uv light 

-spiders

-cephalothorax is joined to the abdomen by the pedicel

-8 legs

-most produce silk

-most produce venom

-males deliver their sperm with palps

has a ball with mucus at the end of a spindle

swings ball around and catches prey by sticking it to them

produces moth sex pheremone 

can be as big as 25 centimeters

more active at night

hunted by wasps 

camoflauged web

an insect is bitten through the web, then pulled down underneath and eaten. 

*the stabilmentum are the zig-zag cross strands in te web. they warn birds so they won't fly into them. some birds use it to find silk for their nest

1. toxins that affect the nervous system

2. enzymes that degrade tissue 

-means god of marriage (union of fore & hind wings)

-complete metamorphosis

*2 pairs of membranous wings

-chewing mouthparts

-female selects sex of her young (fertlized=female)

*display intelligence

-female produce venom

-variety of lifestyles

*most beneficial order 

parasites

predators

solitary

social 

compact wings that fold back (allows to get into tight spaces in flowers)

back wings are hooked to front wings

wings beat as if one pair 

adult females:

1. are wingless, hairy, and brightly colored

2. they parasitize hymenoptera nests

3. they have an extremely painful sting

-aggressive, move quickly as common ants (mimic), called "cow killers"

1. it stings a cockroach

2. venom causes paralysis

3. finds a nest

4. prepares its prey

5. lays one egg on the outside of the host 

1. it digs its burrow first

2. catches many prey items

3. lays one egg in the nest

4. the wasp must remember her nest location 

female: 1. builds a nest with mud. 2. puts live spiders in the nest cells. 3. lays one egg per cell

male: 1. helps to guard the nest from parasitoids

2. frequently see a whle series of nests together because they like the location  

1. host specific

2. use cuse to find their host

3. oviposit in egg, larva, or pupa

4. ovipositer may be very long

5. larvae develop in or on the host

6. larva or adult emerges from the host 

1.  parasitioids lay their eggs in an immature whitefly

2. they collect leaves with predators

3. these leaves are sold to greenhouse growers

4. form of biological control to reduce te amoutn of pesticides in a greenhouse setting 

1. plant

2. herbivore

3. parasitoid 

1. infect trees

2. carry fungus

3. fungus modifies tree terpenes

4. new terpenes attract more beetles

5. terpenes also attract parasitoid wasps

6. wasps attack the beetles that live on the trees 

man who came up with this:

1. caterpillar feeds

2. plant damage signals a parasitic wasp

3. to find the host, the wasp uses: the smell of the wounded plant, grass, the host cuticle

4. he teaches wasps to find a specific crop (originally trained them to fly to the scents of chocolate and vanilla) 

1. pollen is rich in protein

2. bees are vegetarians

3. these bees are solitary (but nest in clusters)

4.use chemical communication

5. memorize nest location

6. larvae hatch and feed on nectar & pollen

7. female only mates once

8. female attracts males with a scent

9. after mating, emits differnt scent 

1. there is only one entrance to their nest

2. ther is one dominant female

3. there are several subordiante females that she tells what to do

-they excavate,lay eggs, and provide provisions 

1. male is territorial and aggressive (white dot on forehead)

2. female builds nest & gathers pollen

3. female lays eggs (largest insect egg)

4.*the cells w/female eggs are larger than the male

5.*one daughter guards and reuses the nest

6. ony the mother stings 

1. the nectar and the pollen are hard to reach

2.*the female collects pollen by buzzing (sonicating)

3. uses her long tongue to collect nectar

4. other bees cut the flower and rob nectar 

1. rules the colony with the queen pheromone

2. workers do not reproduce (all workers are female) 

1. workers make large queen cells

2. workers feed the queen larva royal jelly (secreted like saliva from the nurse bee)

3. queen larva is larger than the worker larva

4. queen emerges and kilsl any rival queens

males (unfertiized eggs)

1. large eyes

2. mates with queen and then dies

3. sperm is viable for 5 years

1. nurse bee

2. produce wax

3. guard bee

4. collect nectar and pollen

all are female 

1. stinger is barbed

2. bee dies

3. poison sac keeps pumping venom

4. *venom contains Melittin (causes your cells to burst-get to blood stream more quickly) 

with pollen baskets on their back legs that look like yellow balls

they only visit one species of flower at a time 

1. brought to brazil in 1956

2. more aggressive than normal

3. now in TX, AZ, NM, NV, and CA

4. GA produces more honey bee queens than any other state because of the weather 

the flower smells and looks like a corpse

blow flies are attracted and trapped

the flies are dusted with pollen

the flies go to the next flower and pollinate it 

2 species in GA

nest in ground

have the largest colony of all social hymenopteras 

2 species in GA: european and baldfaced

they have a closed nest 

5 species of thse

open nest

small colony size

tend to build their nest where it won't get rained on 

females only

stinger is at the end of the abdomen

capable of stinking at different depths and intensities in order to inject different amounts of venom 

apply fatty acids to the base of the nest in orer to repel ants  (stem turns black)

defend together by using alarm pheromone (spread wings rapidoly) 

wasps and hornets use cuticular hydrocarbonos

if a wasp tastes different, the colony will chase it off 

black & white

exposed grey, bag nest

---

yellow and black

hidden nest 

order: hymenoptera

family: formicidae

genus: solenopsis

origin: south america

came to Alabama... ships werent full so filled wiht dirt

2 species: red, black 

blue birds dont do well with fire ants. compete for the same fodo. wasps will nest inside bluebird boxes and serve as a kind of protection for blue bird eggs

fireants attracted to electrical curren ts 

1. *venom is made up of alkaloids 2.*reproductive males and females have wings  3. queen lays 5 million egs 4. eggs have an attractant and a fungicide (queen applies it after laying them) 6.*fourth instar larvae eat solids (larvae have indentations on their stomachs. workers deposit solid foods there and larvae bends head down to feed).

2 months= 85 ants

1 year= 11,000

3 years= 230,000 

1. vary in size

2. adjust temperature by moving up and down

3. leave nest by tunnels

4. trail pheromone made in the Dufour's gland 

Nematoads

their pheromones has been chemically reproduced and used as bait

a parasitoid fly eats the fire ant head