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ES 2010 Exam 1
chapters 1,2,3
57
Biology
Undergraduate 4
02/15/2009

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Term
Average Arterial Pressure
Definition
=cardiac output x total vascular resistance
~93 mmHg
Term
Average Arterial Pressure
Definition
=cardiac output x total vascular resistance
~93 mmHg
Term
Control systems of the body
Definition
to regulate some physiological variables @ or near constant values
Term
C to F
Definition
F = 1.8 (C) + 32
Term
Negative Feedback
Definition
body returns to normal
Term
anabolic reactions
Definition
synthesis of molecules
Term
Catabolic reactions
Definition
breakdown of molecules
Term
Bioenergetics
Definition
metabolic process that converts foodstuff into a biological useable form of energy
Term
Biological control systems
Definition
series of interconnected components that serve to maintain a physical or chemical parameter @ or near constant
Term
3 parts of control systems
Definition
Receptor - capable of detecting changes
Integrating Center- assesses input and intiates response
EFFECTOR- corrects changes to internal environment
Term
most control systems act via __________ _____
Definition
negative feedback.
Response reverses the initial disturbance in homeostasis
Term
Gain of the System
Definition
precision w/ which a control system maintains homeostasis
-larger the gain the better the control
-most important systems have largest gain
Term
Failure in blood glucose concentration regulation =
Definition
Diabetes
-type one beta cells in pancreas don't produce enough insulin
-failure in effector
Term
Cellular stress response
Definition
biological control system in cells that battles homeostatic disturbances by manufacturing proteins that defend against stress
Term
Endergenic reactions
Definition
reactions that require energy to be added to reactants before reaction can occur
-products contain more free energy than products
Term
Exorgenic reactions
Definition
reactions that give off energy
-combustion is single step reaction
-cellular oxidation -small, controlled steps
Term
Coupled Reactions
Definition
linked reactions that use energy from 1st reaction to drive 2nd reaction
-exergenic reactions drive endogenic reactions
Term
Oxidation and Reduction
Definition
Oxidation = process of removing an e- from atom or molecule
Reduction = addition of e- to an atom or molecules
Term
2 carrier molecules involved in H transfer
Definition
1) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD.
-found in niacin (vitamin B3) reduced = NADH
2) Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH)
- Riboflavin (vitamin B12) Reduced=FADH
Term
Energy of activation
Definition
energy required to initiate chemical reactions
-enzymes lower Ea to speed up reactions
Term
Enzyme substrate complex
Definition
groves in enzyme (active sites) match up with substrate.
Term
HOw lactic acid affects enzyme activity...
Definition
Lactic acid releases H which lowers pH and thus lowers enzyme activity
Term
1 gram of carbs = ?
Definition
4 kcal of energy
Term
3 forms of carbs:
Definition
1) monosaccharides (Glucose and Fructose)
2) Disaccharides (*Sucrose*)
3) Polysaccharides (cellulose & starch)
Term
sucrose =
Definition
-table sugar (glucose + fructose)
-25% of U.S. calorie intake
Term
Glycogen
Definition
-polysaccharide stored in Muscle and liver cells
-small amount stored, easily depleted
Term
1 gram of fat = ___ kcal
Definition
1 gram of fat = 9 kcal of energy
Term
Fat's Carbon oxygen ratio is _______ than carbs
Definition
higher
Term
4 groups of fats
Definition
1) fatty acids - stored as triglycerides. main fat used for energy.
2) Triglycerides - 3 molecules fatty acid 1 glycerol.
lypolysis - triglycerides are broken down
3) phospholipids - not used as energy source. - provides cell structural integrity
4) Steroids -not used as energy sources - cholesterol is most common
Term
lipolysis
Definition
process where triglycerides are broken down.
-regulated by lipases (enzyme) and used by liver to make glucose
Term
2 ways that proteins become energy
Definition
1) analine --> glucose (in liver) --> glycogen
2) AA --> metabolic intermediate --> fuel in bioenergetic
Term
ATP
Definition
-Adenosine triphosphate
-immediate source for energy
-composed of adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate
Term
Formation and breakdown of ATP
Definition
Formation: ADP + Pi = ATP
breakdown: ATP --ATPase--> ADP + Pi + energy
Term
3 pathways produce ATP:
Definition
1)Phosphocreatine (PC) breakdown [anaerobic]
2) glycolysis [anaerobic]
3) oxidative phosphorylation [aerobic]
Term
ATP-PC system
Definition
-provides energy for short term, intense exercise (less than 5 seconds)
-Creatine supplmentation increases performance in weight lifting
-PC + ADP --creatine kinases--> ATP + C
Term
glycolysis
Definition
-anaerobic
-glucose -> 2 ATP + 2 pyruvic/lactic acid
Term
2 phases of glycolysis
Definition
1) energy investment phase -phosphorylation occurs - glycogen as substrate = 1 ATP needed - Glucose as substrate = 2 atp needed
2) Energy Generation Phase -2 atp gain if glucose. - 3 atp gain if glycogen (inorganic phosphate used)
-H removed are transported by carrier molecules
Term
H ion removed from NADH in two ways:
Definition
1) O2 available then H used by O in mitochondria to make atp
2) O 2 absent pyruvic acid accepts H and becomes lactic acid. lactate dehydrogenase is enzyme for reaction.
Term
Aerobic ATP production occurs in what
Definition
Occurs in mitochondria
Term
2 pathways in Aerobic ATP production that interact
Definition
1) Krebs Cycle aka citric acid cycle - completes oxidation of substrates and produces NADH and FADH2 to enter the electron transport chain
-Oxy is final acceptor of H at end of electron transport chain - each molecule of glucose = 2 turns of cycle. - each turn -> 3 NADH & 1 FADH - NADH --> 2.5 ATP, FADH --> 1.5 ATP
2) ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN -pathway responsible for oxidative phosphorylation aka respiratory/cytochrome chain -cytochromes (electron carrier) pass electrons from H atom
Term
oxidative phosphorylation
Definition
aerobic production of ATP
Term
3 stages of ATP production:
Definition
1) generation of acetyl CoA
2) oxidation of acetyl CoA (krebs cycle)
3) oxidative phosphorylation
Term
Reason why we Breath oxygen:
Definition
oxygen is used as final acceptor of e- in aerobic metabolism. O accepts last 2 e-s, binds with 2 H and forms H2O
Term
Total ATP yield via aerobic degradation of glucose:
Total ATP yield for glycogen
Definition
Glucose = 32 ATP
Glycogen = 33 ATP
Term
Efficiency of Oxidative phosphorylation
Definition
34% used for cell. 66% lost for heat
Term
Rate-limiting enzymes
Definition
-control speed of pathyway.
-all pathways have one and are usually found early in pathways
-allosteric enzymes controlled by modulators
Term
PC breakdown is regulated by ____
Definition
creatine kinease activity
Term
^ ATP & v ADP =
Definition
inhibits creatine kinease activity
Term
Control of glycolysis rate limiting enzyme
Definition
phosphofructokinase (PFK)
Term
Phosphorylase
Definition
enzyme that degrades glycogen into glucose. Ca activates phophorylation. Indirectly stim by epinephrine --> cyclic AMP which stims phos
Term
2 physiologic processes that undergo homeostatic control during exercise
Definition
-O2 requirement vs CO2 production
-acid-base balance in body
Term
two direct end products of glycolysis
Definition
1) pyruvic/lactic acid
2) ATP
Term
What key element determines how much of glycolysis products is produced?
Definition
Availablity of O2
Term
Bioenergetics is dependent on
Definition
coupled reactions and redox reactions
Term
key steps of glycolysis that ensures taht more energy is produced than consumed
Definition
a) only 2 ATP are consumed during the energy investment phase
d) glycolysis can begin w/ either glucose or glycogen
Term
four products of aerobic energy production
Definition
heat energy, ATP, CO2, and H2O
Term
Broken down into following: Lipids become _____. carbs --> ________. proteins --> _______
Definition
Lipids ---> fatty acids.
Carbs --> glucose
proteins --> amino acids
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