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| fictional notion that they are superior to other cultures (ethnocentrism) |
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The ego develops according to the epigeneticprinciple; that is, it grows according to a genetically established rate and in a fixed sequence.
Stages emerge from one another and at a particular time |
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Infancy (the 1st year of life) - similar to Freud's concept of the oral stage, except that Erikson expanded beyond the mouth to include sense organs such as the eyes and ears.
Psychosexual mode: oral-sensory
◦characterized by both receiving and accepting
Psycho-social crisis: basictrust v. basic mistrust.
Basic strength: hope
◦Core pathology: withdrawal (when infants who do not develop hope and retreat from the world) |
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2-3yrs - compares to Freud's anal stage, but it also includes mastery of other body functions such as walking, urinating, and holding.
Psychosexual mode: anal-urethral-muscular
Psychosocial crisis: autonomy v. shame and doubt.
Basic strength: will
◦Core pathology of early childhood is compulsion |
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3-5 yrs- a period that parallels Freud's phallic phase
Psychosexual mode: genital-locomotor
◦children have both an interest in genital activity and an increasing ability to move around.
Psychosocial crisis: initiative v. guilt
◦Being more independent but then feeling guilty
Basic strength: helps children to act with purpose and to set goals.
◦Core pathology: inhibition if they have too little purpose |
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6-12/13 years - a time of psychosexual latency, but it is also a time of psychosocial growth beyond the family.
Psychosocial crisis: industry v. inferiority.
◦Children need to learn to work hard, but they also must develop some sense of inferiority.
Basic strength: competence
◦Core pathology: inertia (inactivity) |
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Begins with puberty and is marked by a person's struggle to find ego identity.
It is a time of psychosexual growth, but it is also a period of psychosocial latency.
Psychosocial crisis: identity versus identity confusion.
◦Psychologically healthy individuals emerge from adolescence with a sense of who they are and what they believe; but some identity confusion is normal.
Basic strength: fidelity/faith in some ideological view of the future.
◦Core pathology: Lack of belief in one's own selfhood results in rolerepudiation-inability to bring
together one's various self-images. |
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About age 18 - 30. The psychosexual mode of young adulthood is genitality, which is expressed as mutual trust between partners in a stable sexual relationship.
Psychosocial crisis: intimacy v. isolation.
◦Intimacy-the ability to fuse one's identity with that of another without fear of losing it; whereas isolation-fear of losing one's identity in an intimate relationship.
Basic strength: capacity to love.
◦Core pathology: exclusivity,
or inability to love. |
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About 31 to 60 is adulthood, a time when people make significant contributions to society. The psychosexual mode of adulthood is procreativity-caring for one's children, the children of others, and the material products of one's society.
Psychosocial crisis: generativity v. stagnation
Basic strength: care - taking care of the persons and products that one has learned to care for.
◦Core pathology: rejectivity-rejection of certain individuals or groups that one is unwilling to take care of. |
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60 until death - The psychosexual mode of old age is generalized sensuality-taking pleasure in a variety of sensations and an appreciation of the traditional life style of people of the other gender.
Psychosocial crisis: integrity (the maintenance of ego-identity) vdespair (the surrender of hope)
Basic strength: wisdom
◦Core pathology: disdain (characterized by feelings of being finished or helpless). |
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