Term
| Is osteochondrosis common or rare in horses? |
|
Definition
-very common
-can occur in all breeds |
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Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of osteochondrosis. |
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Definition
| -failure of endochondral ossificaiton = retention of growth cartilage that becomes nerotic, producing tissue in articular cartilape |
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Term
| Most OC lesions develop before what age in the horse? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the etiologies of equine OC? |
|
Definition
-dieary imbalance
=growth rate
-genetics
-trauma
-failure of vascularization
-exercise progam |
|
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Term
| What types of dietary imbalances cause OC? |
|
Definition
-excess carbs
-copper deficiency
-zinc excess
-calcium/ phosphorous |
|
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Term
| How do genetics play a role in equine OC? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What are the major sites for OC in horses? |
|
Definition
-STIFLE
-HOCK
-fetlock
-shoulder |
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Term
| What is the typical signalment for equine OC? |
|
Definition
-yearling
-tarsocrural or fmeoropatellar joint effusion
-no lameness |
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Term
| How does OC clinically present in the horse? |
|
Definition
-lameness: none to severe
-Most commonly: mild to severe effusion
-can be bilateral: ALWAYS TAKE RADS!!! |
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Term
| How do you diagnose OC in a horse? |
|
Definition
-diagnostic nerve/joint blocks
-rads
-US |
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Term
| What is osteochondritis dissecans? |
|
Definition
-OC that leads to a fragment or flap at the articular surface of a joint
-usually has joint effusion |
|
|
Term
| What are the common locations for OCD in a horse? |
|
Definition
-LTR fo the femur
-DIRT
-LTR of the talus |
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Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of OC subchondral cystic lesions in young horses. |
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Definition
| -necrosis SC => cystic cavity |
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Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of OC subchondral cystic lesions in older horses. |
|
Definition
| -mechanical stress/trauma => cartilage tissue => synovial fluid => defent in SCB |
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Term
| What are the common locations for subchondral cystic lesions with OC in a horse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-stall rest for foals < 18 mo
-correction of diet
-chondroprotective agents
-intra-articular steroids
-Surgery: arthroscopic debridement |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common locations for OC in the stilfe? |
|
Definition
-lateral trochlear ridge of femur
-medial trochlear ridge of femur
-inertrochlear groove patella |
|
|
Term
| Describe the clinical presentation of OC of the lateral trochlear ridge in the horse. |
|
Definition
-can be asymptomatic in older horses
-lameness can be severe in foals
-femoropatellar joint effusion |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for OC subchondral cystic lesions in the horse? |
|
Definition
-intra-articular meds
-surgery: arhtroscopy |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis for OC subchondral cystic lesions? |
|
Definition
-dpends on amount of articuar surface involved
-50% = conservative
-surgery <3y |
|
|
Term
| How does OCD present clinically? |
|
Definition
-gliding surface
-fragment/flap
-joint effusion
-lameness maybe
-incidental finding |
|
|
Term
| What is an angular limb deformity? |
|
Definition
| -any medial or ateral deviation of joints from their normal axis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-valgus = lateral deviation
-carus = medial deviation |
|
|
Term
| What are some prenatal factors leading to angular limb deformities? |
|
Definition
-incomplete ossification of cuboidal bones
-ligamentous/periarticular laxity |
|
|
Term
| What are some developmental factors leading to angular limb deformities? |
|
Definition
-unbalanced nutrition
-trauma
-pain in contralateral limb |
|
|
Term
How do we diagnose angular limb deformities
? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the grading system for angular limb deformities. |
|
Definition
-Normal: 0-5 deg
-Mild: 5-10 deg
-Moderate: 11-20 deg
-Severe > 20 deg |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What is the typical cause of asymmetrical physeal growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we treat ALD without surgery? |
|
Definition
-stall rest
-hoof manipulation: trimming, glue on shoes
-splints
-casts |
|
|
Term
| To correct valgus, which side of the hoof do you trim? VArus? |
|
Definition
-Calgus = trim lateral
-varus = trim medial |
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Term
| To correct valgus, what side of the glue-on shoe has an extension? Varus? |
|
Definition
-Valgus = medial extension
-Varus = lateral extension |
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Term
| Describe how we accelerate growth with surgery to correct ALD. What is the goal of the procedure? |
|
Definition
-periosteal stripping: hemicircumberential periosteal transection and elevation
-GOAL: inc growth on the short side |
|
|
Term
| How do we retard growth with surgery to correct ALD? What is the goal of the procedure? |
|
Definition
-transphyseal bridge: isngle transphyseal screw, two screws + wires, staples
-GOAL: dec growth on the long side |
|
|
Term
| What is physitis? Where is it located and at what ages? |
|
Definition
-firm, warm, painful swelling of medial aspect of physis
-Distal MC3/MT3: 3-6 mo
-Distal radius/tibia: 8mo-2y |
|
|
Term
| What conditions may physitis lead to? |
|
Definition
-physeal fractures
-ALD
-bilateral stilted lameness |
|
|
Term
| What is the typical signalment of physitis? |
|
Definition
| -TB, fast growth phase, high energy feeds |
|
|
Term
| HOw do we diagnose physitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we treat physitis? |
|
Definition
-stall rest
-balace feet with trimming
-correct, balanced diet
-anti-inflammaotires
-treat infection if present |
|
|
Term
| What causes incomplete ossification of cuboidal bones? How do we treat it? |
|
Definition
-premature/dysmature foals
-tube casts to keep them non-weight-bearing |
|
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Term
| Where do congential contractural deformities occur most commonly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do acquired flexural deformities occur most commonly? |
|
Definition
-coffin (DIPJ)
-fetlocks )MCPL) |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat congenital hyperextensin (laxity) and congenital hyperflexion (contracted tendons)? |
|
Definition
| -support and controlled exercise |
|
|
Term
| What are the etiologies of congenital flexural limb deformities? |
|
Definition
-mares with high BCS
-intrauterine positionng or crowding
-teratogens
-congenital hypothyroidism
-influenza |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose flexural limb deformities? |
|
Definition
-physical exam
-palpation and manipulation
-rads |
|
|
Term
| What determines the prognosis of flexural limb deformities? |
|
Definition
-if manually correctalbe then good prognosis
-if not manually correctable then poor prognosis and they are euthanized |
|
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Term
| HOw do we treat distal hyperextension? |
|
Definition
| -moderate exercise to strengthen muscle/tendons |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat contractural deformities of the carpus/fetlock? |
|
Definition
-medical treatment: oxytet
-toe extensions
-tube casts
-surgery if severe |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of oxytet in the horse? |
|
Definition
-renal toxicity
-arrhythmic
-hypotension
-too much laxity |
|
|
Term
| At what age do we see flexural limb deformities of the DIPL? Common name? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we treat flexural deformity of the DIPJ? |
|
Definition
-treat cause of pain
-restrict exercise and diet
-trim heel
-toe extension
-if severe: DDFT transection or inferior check ligament desmotomy |
|
|
Term
| What tendon is coffin joint flexural limb deformities associated with? Describe the grading system. HOw do we treat each type? |
|
Definition
-DDFT
-Type I < 90 deg = desomotomy of ICL & Type II > 90 deg = tenotomy of DDFT |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat carpal contracture surgically? |
|
Definition
-flexor carpi ulnaris tenotomy
-ulnaris lateralis tenotomy |
|
|
Term
| How do we surgically treat fetlock contracture? |
|
Definition
| -desmotomy of superior check ligament |
|
|
Term
| What is the proper name of wobblers? |
|
Definition
| -cervical vertebral malformation |
|
|
Term
| What causes wobblers? Clinical outcome? |
|
Definition
-vertebral malformation causing spinal cord compression and ataxia
-abnormal gait in fore and/or hind limbs causing incoordination and weakness |
|
|
Term
| What is the typical age of onset of wobblers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose wobbers? |
|
Definition
-lameness eam: neuro deficits
-rads with contrast |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat wobblers? |
|
Definition
-systemic anti-inflammatories
-intra-articular corticosteroids
-stall rest + ditary chagnes if under 1y
-basket surgery |
|
|
Term
| What is the prgnosis of wobblers? |
|
Definition
-80% improve at lease 1 ataxia grade after surgery
-54% improve 2 ataxia grades or more with surgery
-33% perform athletically asa result of successful treatment |
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