Term
| What organism causes Tetanus? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is Tetanus transmitted? |
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Definition
Penetrating wounds
- Puncture wounds of feet most common
- Prepatent period 7-21 days
- Disease not transmissible from horse to horse
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Term
| What are symptoms of Tetanus? |
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Definition
- Prolapsed third eyelid
- Erect ears
- 'Anxious' expression
- 'Grinning'
- Sawhorse Stance
- Extended tail
- Stiff movements
- Hyperreactivity to stimuli
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Term
| How do you Diagnosis Tetanus? |
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Definition
- History of puncture
- Absent or unknown vaccination history
- Symptoms
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Term
| What the difference between Toxoid and Antitoxin? |
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Definition
Toxoid
- Provides active immunity against tetanus toxin
Antitoxin
- Provides passive immunity against tetanus toxin
- Neutralize unbound circulating toxin
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Term
| How do you prevent Tetanus? |
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Definition
Vaccination
- Annual booster
- Booster when treating puncture wounds
Wound management
Tetanus prophylaxis in all surgical procedures |
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Term
| What organism causes Strangles? |
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Definition
| Streptococcus equi ( Distemper) |
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Term
| How is Strangles transmitted? |
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Definition
- Contact with bacteria in nasal discharge of infected horses or contaminated surfaces
- May shed organism for weeks to months after symptoms resolve
- Carrier state exists
- Pre-patent period 3-6 days
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Term
| What are Symptoms of Strangles? |
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Definition
- Mandibular lymph node enlargement
- Purulent, tenacious nasal discharge
- Soft, moist and constant cough
- Severe pharyngitis and laryngitis
- Hot painful abscesses in submaxillary, pharyngeal and parotid lymph nodes and lymph vessels
- Necrosis of skin and eruption of abscesses
- Edema of lower limbs
- Empyema of guttural pouch complications
- Spread of lesions to lungs causing acute pneumonia
- Purulent inflammation of the brain followed by excitement, neck rigidity and terminal paralysis
- Pericarditis
- Lameness and difficult breathing
- Atypical form of strangles is manifested by subclinical infection and mild disease
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Term
| How to you diagnosis Strangles? |
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Definition
- Symptoms
- Presence of outbreak in barn
- Culture of nasal passages or discharge
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Term
| How do you prevent Strangles? |
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Definition
- Vaccination
- Management/containment of disease outbreak
- Sanitation
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Term
| What organism causes Botulism? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is Botulism transmitted? |
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Definition
- Consumption of pre-formed toxin in spoiled feed
- Consumption of bacteria in feed which then produces toxin
- Not transmissible from horse to horse
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Term
| What are symptoms of Botulism in foals (<8 months of age)? |
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Definition
'Shaker Foal Syndrome'
- Dribbling of milk from mouth and nostrils
- Inability to swallow
- Muscle weakness/fasiculations
- Easily fatigued- lie down frequently
- Death within 48 hours due to aspiration pneumonia or paralysis of diaphragm
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Term
| What are symptoms of Botulism in adult horses? |
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Definition
- 'Forage disease'
- Presence of feed in nostrils
- Normal appetite with inability to swallow
- 'Playing' with feed/water
- Weak, shuffling gait - walking on eggshells
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Term
| How do you treat Botulism? |
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Definition
Penicillin
Antitoxin
- Mortality~100% without
- Mortality~30% with
Nursing Care
- Nutrition/hydration
- Management of recumbent animal
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Term
| How do you prevent Botulism? |
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Definition
- Vaccination- Pregnant mares vaccinated at 4 week intervals beginning at 7 month gestation
- Annual toxoid booster for adult horses
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Term
| What is the organism that causes Lyme disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is Lyme disease transmitted? |
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Definition
- Deer tick- intermediate host (requires 12-24 hours of attachment for disease transmission)
- No horse to horse transmission
- No horse to human transmission
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Term
| What are symptoms of Lyme disease? |
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Definition
- Fever
- Shifting leg lameness
- Joint swelling/joint effusions typically in large joints (hock/stifle/carpus)
- Endocarditis
- Arthritis
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Term
| How do diagnosis Lyme disease? |
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Definition
- Symptoms
- Serology
- Response to treatment
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Term
| How do you treat Lyme disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you treat Tetanus? |
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Definition
- Debride wound
- Procaine penicillin
- Tetanus toxoid
- Tetanus Antitoxin (can't cross blood brain barrier or reverse neurological symptoms)
- Muscle relaxers
- Supportive care
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Term
| How do you treat Strangles? |
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Definition
- NSAIDs to manage fever/discomfort
- Procaine penicillin
- Lance/drain mature abscesses
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