Standard 6.05 states that "Psychologists may barter only if

1) it is not clinically contraindicated, and

2) the resulting arrangement is not exploitative."

Do good and do no harm.

In their professional actions, psychologists seek to safeguard the welfare and rights of those with whom they interact professionally and other affected persons, and the welfare of animal subjects of research. When conflicts occur, they attempt to resolve these conflicts in a responsible fashion that avoids or minimizes harm. They are alert to and guard against personal, financial, social, organizational, or political factors that might lead to misuse of their influence. Psychologists strive to be aware of the possible effect of their own physical and mental health on their ability to help those with whom they work.

Solid, clear relationships and help those in need.

Psychologists establish relationships of trust with those with whom they work. They are aware of their professional and scientific responsibilities to society and to the specific communities in which they work. Psychologists uphold professional standards of conduct, clarify their professional roles and obligations, accept appropriate responsibility for their behavior, and seek to manage conflicts of interest that could lead to exploitation or harm. Psychologists consult with, refer to, or cooperate with other professionals and institutions to the extent needed to serve the best interests of those with whom they work.  Psychologists strive to contribute a portion of their professional time for little or no compensation or personal advantage.

Tell the truth, don't cheat, keep your promises.

Psychologists seek to promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the science, teaching, and practice of psychology. In these activities psychologists do not steal, cheat, or engage in fraud, subterfuge, or intentional misrepresentation of fact. Psychologists strive to keep their promises and to avoid unwise or unclear commitments. In situations in which deception may be ethically justifiable to maximize benefits and minimize harm, psychologists have a serious obligation to consider the need for, the possible consequences of, and their responsibility to correct any resulting mistrust or other harmful effects that arise from the use of such techniques.

Equal access and attention to bias/limitations.

Psychologists recognize that fairness and justice entitle all persons to access to and benefit from the contributions of psychology and to equal quality in the processes, procedures, and services being conducted by psychologists. Psychologists exercise reasonable judgment and take precautions to ensure that their potential biases, the boundaries of their competence, and the limitations of their expertise do not lead to or condone unjust practices.

All people are people.

Psychologists respect the dignity and worth of all people, and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination. Psychologists are aware that special safeguards may be necessary to protect the rights and welfare of persons or communities whose vulnerabilities impair autonomous decision making. Psychologists are aware of and respect power and the -isms.  Awareness of all of the factors of multi/culti. Psychologists try to eliminate the effect on their work of biases based on those factors, and they do not knowingly participate in or condone activities of others based upon such prejudices.

Psychologists do not deny persons employment, advancement, admissions to academic or other programs, tenure, or promotion, based solely upon their having made or their being the subject of an ethics complaint. This does not preclude taking action based upon the outcome of such proceedings or considering other appropriate information.

Note: this only applies to pending cases.

Psychologists who delegate work to employees, supervisees, or research or teaching assistants or who use the services of others, such as interpreters, take reasonable steps to:

(1) avoid delegating such work to persons who have a multiple relationship with those being served that would likely lead to exploitation or loss of objectivity; (2) authorize only those responsibilities that such persons can be expected to perform competently on the basis of their education, training, or experience, either independently or with the level of supervision being provided;

(3) see that such persons perform these services competently.

A multiple relationship occurs when a psychologist is in a professional role with a person and:

(1) at the same time is in another role with the same person, (2) at the same time is in a relationship with a person closely associated with or related to the person with whom the psychologist has the professional relationship, or (3) promises to enter into another relationship in the future with the person or a person closely associated with or related to the person.

A psychologist refrains from entering into a multiple relationship if the multiple relationship could reasonably be expected to impair the psychologist's objectivity, competence, or effectiveness in performing his or her functions as a psychologist, or otherwise risks exploitation or harm to the person with whom the professional relationship exists.

Multiple relationships that would not reasonably be expected to cause impairment or risk exploitation or harm are not unethical.

(a) Psychologists include in written and oral reports and consultations, only information germane to the purpose for which the communication is made.

(b) Psychologists discuss confidential information obtained in their work only for appropriate scientific or professional purposes and only with persons clearly concerned with such matters.

Psychologists do not make false, deceptive, or fraudulent statements concerning (1) their training, experience, or competence; (2) their academic degrees; (3) their credentials; (4) their institutional or association affiliations; (5) their services; (6) the scientific or clinical basis for, or results or degree of success of, their services; (7) their fees; or (8) their publications or research findings.

(a) Psychologists who engage others to create or place public statements that promote their professional practice, products, or activities retain professional responsibility for such statements.

(b) Psychologists do not compensate employees of press, radio, television, or other communication media in return for publicity in a news item. 

(c) A paid advertisement relating to psychologists' activities must be identified or clearly recognizable as such.

(b) Psychologists' fee practices are consistent with law.

(c) Psychologists do not misrepresent their fees.

(d) If limitations to services can be anticipated because of limitations in financing, this is discussed with the recipient of services as early as is feasible.

(a) Psychologists take reasonable steps to ensure that course syllabi are accurate regarding the subject matter to be covered, bases for evaluating progress, and the nature of course experiences. Can modify when the instructor considers it pedagogically necessary or desirable, so long as students are made aware of these modifications.

(b) When engaged in teaching or training, psychologists present psychological information accurately

(a) In academic and supervisory relationships, psychologists establish a timely and specific process for providing feedback to students and supervisees. Information regarding the process is provided to the student at the beginning of supervision.

(b) Psychologists evaluate students and supervisees on the basis of their actual performance on relevant and established program requirements.

1. the purpose of the research, expected duration, and procedures
2. their right to decline to participate and to withdraw from the research once participation has begun
3. the foreseeable consequences of declining or withdrawing
4. reasonably foreseeable factors that may be expected to influence their willingness to participate such as potential risks, discomfort, or adverse effects
5. any prospective research benefits
6. limits of confidentiality
7. incentives for participation
8. whom to contact for questions about the research and research participants' rights.
   

• They provide opportunity for the prospective participants to ask questions and receive answers.

1. the experimental nature of the treatment
2. the services that will or will not be available to the control group(s) if appropriate
3. the means by which assignment to treatment and control groups will be made
4. available treatment alternatives if an individual does not wish to participate in the research or wishes to withdraw once a study has begun
5. compensation for or monetary costs of participating including, if appropriate, whether reimbursement from the participant or a third-party payor will be sought.

(a) When psychologists conduct research with clients/patients, students, or subordinates as participants, psychologists take steps to protect the prospective participants from adverse consequences of declining or withdrawing from participation.

(b) When research participation is a course requirement or an opportunity for extra credit, the prospective participant is given the choice of equitable alternative activities.

a) Psychologists do not conduct a study involving deception unless they have determined that the use of deceptive techniques is justified by the study's significant prospective scientific, educational, or applied value and that effective nondeceptive alternative procedures are not feasible.

(b) Psychologists do not deceive prospective participants about research that is reasonably expected to cause physical pain or severe emotional distress.

(c) Psychologists explain any deception that is an integral feature of the design and conduct of an experiment to participants as early as is feasible, preferably at the conclusion of their participation, but no later than at the conclusion of the data collection, and permit participants to withdraw their data.

(a) Psychologists provide a prompt opportunity for participants to obtain appropriate information about the nature, results, and conclusions of the research, and they take reasonable steps to correct any misconceptions that participants may have of which the psychologists are aware.

(b) If scientific or humane values justify delaying or withholding this information, psychologists take reasonable measures to reduce the risk of harm.

(c) When psychologists become aware that research procedures have harmed a participant, they take reasonable steps to minimize the harm.

(a) Psychologists acquire, care for, use, and dispose of animals in compliance with current federal, state, and local laws and regulations, and with professional standards.

(b) Psychologists trained in research methods and experienced in the care of laboratory animals supervise all procedures involving animals and are responsible for ensuring appropriate consideration of their comfort, health, and humane treatment.

(c) Psychologists ensure that all individuals under their supervision who are using animals have received instruction in research methods and in the care, maintenance, and handling of the species being used, to the extent appropriate to their role. (See also Standard 2.05, Delegation of Work to Others.)

(d) Psychologists make reasonable efforts to minimize the discomfort, infection, illness, and pain of animal subjects.

(e) Psychologists use a procedure subjecting animals to pain, stress, or privation only when an alternative procedure is unavailable and the goal is justified by its prospective scientific, educational, or applied value.

(f) Psychologists perform surgical procedures under appropriate anesthesia and follow techniques to avoid infection and minimize pain during and after surgery.

(g) When it is appropriate that an animal's life be terminated, psychologists proceed rapidly, with an effort to minimize pain and in accordance with accepted procedures.

a) Psychologists do not fabricate data.

(b) If psychologists discover significant errors in their published data, they take reasonable steps to correct such errors in a correction, retraction, erratum, or other appropriate publication means.

(a) Psychologists take responsibility and credit, including authorship credit, only for work they have actually performed or to which they have substantially contributed.

(b) Principal authorship and other publication credits accurately reflect the relative scientific or professional contributions of the individuals involved, regardless of their relative status. Mere possession of an institutional position, such as department chair, does not justify authorship credit. Minor contributions to the research or to the writing for publications are acknowledged appropriately, such as in footnotes or in an introductory statement.

(c) Except under exceptional circumstances, a student is listed as principal author on any multiple-authored article that is substantially based on the student's doctoral dissertation. Faculty advisors discuss publication credit with students as early as feasible and throughout the research and publication process as appropriate. 

a) After research results are published, psychologists do not withhold the data on which their conclusions are based from other competent professionals who seek to verify the substantive claims through reanalysis and who intend to use such data only for that purpose, provided that the confidentiality of the participants can be protected and unless legal rights concerning proprietary data preclude their release. This does not preclude psychologists from requiring that such individuals or groups be responsible for costs associated with the provision of such information.

(b) Psychologists who request data from other psychologists to verify the substantive claims through reanalysis may use shared data only for the declared purpose. Requesting psychologists obtain prior written agreement for all other uses of the data.

(a) Psychologists administer, adapt, score, interpret, or use assessment techniques, interviews, tests, or instruments in a manner and for purposes that are appropriate in light of the research on or evidence of the usefulness and proper application of the techniques.

(b) Psychologists use assessment instruments whose validity and reliability have been established for use with members of the population tested. When such validity or reliability has not been established, psychologists describe the strengths and limitations of test results and interpretation.

(c) Psychologists use assessment methods that are appropriate to an individual's language preference and competence, unless the use of an alternative language is relevant to the assessment issues.

(a) Psychologists obtain informed consent for assessments, evaluations, or diagnostic services except when:

1. Testing is mandated by law or governmental regulations
2. informed consent is implied because testing is conducted as a routine educational, institutional, or organizational activity (e.g., when participants voluntarily agree to assessment when applying for a job)
3. one purpose of the testing is to evaluate decisional capacity.

(a) The term test data refers to raw and scaled scores, client/patient responses to test questions or stimuli, and psychologists' notes and recordings concerning client/patient statements and behavior during an examination. Those portions of test materials that include client/patient responses are included in the definition of test data. Pursuant to a client/patient release, psychologists provide test data to the client/patient or other persons identified in the release. Psychologists may refrain from releasing test data to protect a client/patient or others from substantial harm or misuse or misrepresentation of the data or the test, recognizing that in many instances release of confidential information under these circumstances is regulated by law.

(b) In the absence of a client/patient release, psychologists provide test data only as required by law or court order.

(a) Psychologists do not base their assessment or intervention decisions or recommendations on data or test results that are outdated for the current purpose.

(b) Psychologists do not base such decisions or recommendations on tests and measures that are obsolete and not useful for the current purpose.

(a) Psychologists who offer assessment or scoring services to other professionals accurately describe the purpose, norms, validity, reliability, and applications of the procedures and any special qualifications applicable to their use.

(b) Psychologists select scoring and interpretation services (including automated services) on the basis of evidence of the validity of the program and procedures as well as on other appropriate considerations.

(c) Psychologists retain responsibility for the appropriate application, interpretation, and use of assessment instruments, whether they score and interpret such tests themselves or use automated or other services.

(a) When psychologists agree to provide services to several persons who have a relationship (such as spouses, significant others, or parents and children), they take reasonable steps to clarify at the outset (1) which of the individuals are clients/patients and (2) the relationship the psychologist will have with each person. This clarification includes the psychologist's role and the probable uses of the services provided or the information obtained.

(b) If it becomes apparent that psychologists may be called on to perform potentially conflicting roles (such as family therapist and then witness for one party in divorce proceedings), psychologists take reasonable steps to clarify and modify, or withdraw from, roles appropriately.

(a) Psychologists do not engage in sexual intimacies with former clients/patients for at least two years after cessation or termination of therapy.

(b) Psychologists do not engage in sexual intimacies with former clients/patients even after a two-year interval except in the most unusual circumstances. Psychologists who engage in such activity after the two years following cessation or termination of therapy and of having no sexual contact with the former client/patient bear the burden of demonstrating that there has been no exploitation, in light of all relevant factors, including (1) the amount of time that has passed since therapy terminated; (2) the nature, duration, and intensity of the therapy; (3) the circumstances of termination; (4) the client's/patient's personal history; (5) the client's/patient's current mental status; (6) the likelihood of adverse impact on the client/patient; and (7) any statements or actions made by the therapist during the course of therapy suggesting or inviting the possibility of a posttermination sexual or romantic relationship with the client/patient.

(a) Psychologists terminate therapy when it becomes reasonably clear that the client/patient no longer needs the service, is not likely to benefit, or is being harmed by continued service.

(b) Psychologists may terminate therapy when threatened or otherwise endangered by the client/patient or another person with whom the client/patient has a relationship.

(c) Except where precluded by the actions of clients/patients or third-party payors, prior to termination psychologists provide pretermination counseling and suggest alternative service providers as appropriate.

Standard 8.07 states that deception is acceptable only when the following conditions have been met:

1. the use of deception is justified by the "study's significant prosepctive scientific or applied value ... and effective nondeceptive alternative proceedures are not feasible"

2. prospective participants are not deceived about conditions that can be "reasonably expected to cause physical pain or severe emotional distress" AND

3. Participants will be debriefed "preferably at the conclusion of their participation, but no later than the conclusion of the data collection".

For a client or other person to bring a claim of malpractice agains a psychologist, 4 conditions must be met:

1. The psychologist must have had a professional relationship with the person, with established legal duty of care.
2. There must be a demonstrable standard of care that the psychologist has breached.
3. The person suffered harm or injury.
4. The psychologist's breach of duty within the context of the standard of care was the proximate cause of the person's harm or injury.

1. Determine if the subpoena is a legally valid demand.

2. If it is valid, a formal response will be required, but the psychologist should first contact the client to discuss the implications of providing the requested information.

3. If the client consents to disclosure and there are no reasons for withholding the information (e.g., client welfare, test security), the psychologist should provide the requested information.  If the client does not consent, the psychologists or his/her attorney can attempt to negotiate with the party who issued the subpoena.

4. If the requesting party continues to demand that the information be provided, the psychologist can seek guidance from the court informally through a letter or have his/her attorney file a motion to quash the subpoena or motion for a protective order.

• Power Differential: How great is the difference in power between the psychologist and the other person?  The ore influence the psychologist has over the idnividual, the less likely the relationship is ethical.
• Duration of the Relationship: What is (was0 the length of the relationship?  The longer the duraction of either relationship, the more dubios the acceptability of the multiple relationship.
• Clarity of Termination: What is the likelihood that the individual will desire additional professional services in the future?  If there is a chance that either relationship will continue (e.g., that the individual will want to return for additional therapy later), the less acceptable the multiple relationship.

• Capacity: The individual is able to make rational decisions.
• Comprehension: The individual is given adequate information and understands the information sufficiently to make an informed decision.
• Voluntariness: The individual has given consent freely (without coercion).

As opposed to Ethical Standards, are aspirational in nature.  Their intent is to guide and inspire psychologist towad the very highest ethical ideas of the profession.

Do not represent obligations and should not form the basis for imposing sanctions. - That would distort their meaning and purpose.

To ensure "the welfare and protection of the individuals and groups with whom psychologists work and the education of members, students, and the puiblic regarding ethical standards of the discipline"

Re: Multiple Relationships

Gottlieb (1993) suggests that psychologists should evaluate each relationship in terms of three factors:

1. Power differential: How great is the difference in power?  The more influence the psychologist has over the individual, the less likely the relationship is ethical.

2. Duration of the relationship: What is (was) the length of the relationship?  The longer the duration of either relationship, the more dubious the acceptability of the multiple relationship".

3. Clarity of Termination: What is the likelihood that the individual will desire additional professional services in the future?  If there is a chance that either relationship will continue, the less acceptable the multiple relationship

Re: informed consent

Legally, three conditions must be met for a consent to be truly informed:

Capacity: The individual is able to make rational decisions

Comprehension: The individual is given adequate information and understands the information sufficiently to make an informed decision

Voluntariness: The individual is given consent freely (without coercion).

Confidentiality = professional

"The obligation to protect clients from unauthorized disclosure" - both ethical principle and legal requirement

Privacy = personal

"the freedom of individuals to choose for themselves the time and the circumstances under which and the extent to which their beliefs, behaviors, and opnions are to be shared with or withheld from others"... In therapy private inforamtion disclosed becomes confidential

Privilege = legal

"Legal concept that protects a client's confidentiality in the context of legal proceedings.

Exceptions: waiver/release, mandatory reporting, danger to self or others, court order