• Agenda Setting: Public problem must be deemed to require governmental attention
• Policy Formation: Form goals, policies, strategies
• Policy legitimation: Developing political support
• Policy Implementation I:Enacting and promulgating
• Policy Implementation II: Funding,regulating, enforcing
• Policy Evaluation & Change: Evaluating and Revising

• Linear
• starts with identification of problem and ends with formation of policy

• Cyclical
• accounts for complications in process, leaving room for revision and repetition of steps

What is a policy window and its conditions?

• An opportunity for action/time to create a policy when 3 streams (3 p's) come together
• Problem Stream: identification of problem or a focusing event
• Policy Stream: accounts for feasibility, knowledge, science to back up the problem and public support
• Politics Stream: accounts for interest groups, national mood, and public opinion

- Requires all fed agencies to conduct an environmental impact study before making decisions, and they must disclose such information to the public

competition among different groups balance out system

A select few, wealthy interest groups take all the power and influence

• lobbying at government buildings
• campaign assistance
• alliances with politicians

• Generating public pressure
• public demonstrations
• using constituents as lobbyists

-Environmental degradation is due to lack of economic growth, poverty, bad policy

- env. degredation due to lack of global cooperation. call for greater regulation/stronger institutions

env. degradation due to population growth/exceeding carrying capacity of earth

- env degradation due to poverty and inequaltiy in consumption and access due to capitalism and historical extortion. call for localization and small-scale development

• Runs the federal government: appoint officials, executive orders, controls resources
• Influences legislation
• Bully pulpit influence over issue framing

• Pass laws
• monitor agency performance
• influence finances available for policies

• determine who has the right to sue and when, so the influence how strictly laws are followed
• interpretation of laws: may be reliable to determine what pollutants are dangerous or what phrasing of policies means
• interpretation of authority: does the fed. or state have power in the case?
• Choice of Remedy

- written law passed by legislature and gov. agencies (apply to all actors of a category)

Law

Regulation

- created by statutes passed by either congress or state legislatures

- standards and rules adopted by administrative agencies which are used to govern how laws will be enforced

• Costs/benefits
• Fairness/equity concerns
• Power dynamics (leader in power, gov. system etc.)