Term
| Three main facets of reading philosophy well |
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Definition
a. Stage stetting: pre-read, fast-read,
b. Understanding: read very carefully
c. Evaluate
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Term
| How to make a modus ponens |
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Definition
Find a belief that you want to prove and the best reason for the agreement. If P, then Q. P is true therefore, Q. Ex. If today is Tuesday I will go to work. Today is Tuesday. Therefore, I will go to work. |
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Term
| Definition of an explanation |
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Definition
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Term
| Definition of a justification |
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Definition
| To show something to be right |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. On average, U.S. citizens spend 6 hours shopping a week and 40 minutes/week playing with their children. 2. There is a correlation between wealth and stress. 3. The average American will spend a year of their lives watching commercials. |
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Term
| Meta-ethical constructivism |
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Definition
| Things are valuable ultimately because we take them to be. |
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Term
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Definition
| restriction of knowledge to the knowing subject and its sensory, each person's beliefs are relative to that person alone |
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Term
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Definition
| emphasizing the application of ideas or the practicalness of certain concepts and beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
| An entity deserves to have its welfare considered by moral decision makers |
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Term
| Indirect moral considerability |
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Definition
| An entity deserves to have its integrity considered by moral decision makers when it stands in a qualifying relationship to a directly morally considerable entity |
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Term
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Definition
| How much an entity counts |
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Term
| State what Descartes believes determines if an entity has MC |
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Definition
| any entity that uses language |
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Term
| State what Kant believes determines if an entity has MC |
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Definition
| All and only rational entities are directly morally considerable |
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Term
| State what Bentham/Singer believe make an entity morally considerable |
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Definition
| All and only sentient entities are MC |
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Term
| State what Goodpaster believes makes an entity MC |
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Definition
| All and only living entities are MC |
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Term
| Define the ownership principle of IMC |
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Definition
| A directly morally considerable owns the indirect object |
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Term
| Define the actual (subjective) concern principle of IMC |
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Definition
| Object(s) should be of concern because it actually means something to a morally considerable thing |
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Term
| Define the Ideal (objective concern) principle of IMC |
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Definition
| Ideal (objective concern): Objects that ought to be of moral concern to people are indirectly morally considerable. Ex. Dung beetles concern ought to be of concern even though most people don’t like them |
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Term
| Define the use-value principle of IMC |
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Definition
| anything that is useful is indirectly morally considerable |
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Term
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Definition
| Any artificat is directly morall considerable |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-humans have no interest |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-human interest are always trumped by human interests, thus non-humans have interest but they are not worth much |
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Term
| Interest Specific Speciesim |
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Definition
| Prioritize basic to peripheral interest but in cases of like interests humans win |
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Term
| Two Factor Egalitarianism |
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Definition
| Prioritize basic, serious, and peripheral interest and ties go to the more psychologically complex being |
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Term
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Definition
| Prioritize basic to non-basic interests and in cases of ties flip a coin |
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Term
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Definition
| Essential for an entity to function |
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Term
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Definition
| Helps an entity to thrive but not essential |
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Term
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Definition
| make the difference between a barley maintained integrity and a minimally descent life ex. social life, shelter |
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Term
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Definition
| All and only human individuals/groups of individuals have inherent value/rights |
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Term
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Definition
| All and only sentient individuals/groups of individuals have intrinsic value/rights |
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Term
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Definition
| All and only living individuals/groups of individuals have intrinsic value/rights |
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Term
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Definition
| All and only ecological individuals/groups of individuals have intrinsic value/rights |
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Term
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Definition
| experience is not available to be thought about |
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Term
| Behavioral evidence against Carruthers' claim |
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Definition
| How animals react to uncomfortable experiences similar to how humans would react. |
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Term
| Physiological evidence against Carruthers' claim |
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Definition
| Mammals have very similar physiology to humans physically. If we experience pain, then it’s very likely that animals experience pain. |
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Term
| Evolutionary evidence against Carruthers' claim |
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Definition
| Pain is a valuable experience to help for survival. It’s unlikely that life which does not experience pain has been able to survive up to this point |
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Term
| The land management approach |
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Definition
| approach works to maintain land for its specific function for humans, whether it is a prairie, woods, or something else, is a never ending project (anthropocentric). |
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Term
| The keep it wild approach |
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Definition
| aims to minimize human activity on the land to let nature work as it should, there is a point that humans leave it alone (ecocentric). |
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Term
| The three misconceptions that Gore mentions in his movie |
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Definition
a. There’s a disagreement among scientists. There are virtually no scientific articles that disagree with global warming.
b. We must choose between the economy and the environment. If we don’t have a planet the economy doesn’t matter. Also, reducing emissions will create jobs and wealth.
c. The problem is too big/it’s too late to fix it. We have everything we need to dramatically reduce emissions. American’s have a history of doing the impossible, ex. The Revolution.
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Term
| Simon's definition of raw materials |
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Definition
| A physical natural resource that can be used |
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Term
| Simon's definition of services |
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Definition
| The use that humans get out of a natural resource |
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Term
| Simon's definition of replacability |
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Definition
| An entity that can be subsituted |
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Term
| Simon's definition of renewability |
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Definition
| Can be renewed by natural cycles |
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Term
| Simon's def. of irreplacability |
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Definition
| Entity that can not be subsituted |
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Term
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Definition
| Sustainability= Population X Consumption X Technology |
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Term
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Definition
| what is rational for individuals leads to harm for the collective.The burdens are spread across many people over a long time, and the benefit is only felt by an individual in a particular case. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Common waste areas on Earth |
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Term
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Definition
| the Earth can produce new “bread” and properly dispose of new toxins at a certain rate, but there is a max. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is ok to take out the "extra" resources (like the interest of a bank account) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Self- realization: there are no isolated egos
2. Biocentric equality: All biotic entities have = instrinsic worth |
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Term
| Eagle Man- moral imagining eye |
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Definition
| Knows nature is complicated, eye is forgiving |
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Term
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Definition
| Slices and dices moral world |
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Term
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Definition
| The perceptual/conceptual landscape is constructed (almost entirely) into oppositional and exclusive disjunctive pairs |
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Term
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Definition
| Prestige is placed on one and only one side of a value dualism ex. prestige male non-prestige: female |
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Term
| Warren- the logic of domination |
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Definition
| Entities in the non-prestige class in virtue of the possession or lack of a purported relevant trait may justiably be dominated/subordinated |
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Term
| MLK's 5 criteria for civil disobedience justification |
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Definition
1. The practitioner is willing to be punished
2. The practitioner is prepared/trained to remain non-violent
3. It is non-violent (against-people)
4. It is not anarchistic (aimed at particular policies)
5. Currently available alternatives have been exhausted |
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Term
| Lobbying characteristics (3) |
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Definition
| Is legal, non-violent, usually slow to get results |
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Term
| Civil disobedience characteristics (4) |
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Definition
| Illegal, non-violent, moderate speed, wants to change social norm |
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Term
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Definition
| Illegal, violent against property, secret, fast |
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Term
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Definition
| Illegal, violent against people and property, secret, fast |
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