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Title: Environmental Ethics

Description: PHIL 230

Total Flash Cards: 61

Created: 12/09/2007 15:19:52

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Cards

Term
Three main facets of reading philosophy well
Definition
a. Stage stetting: pre-read, fast-read,
b. Understanding: read very carefully
c. Evaluate


Term
How to make a modus ponens
Definition
Find a belief that you want to prove and the best reason for the agreement. If P, then Q. P is true therefore, Q. Ex. If today is Tuesday I will go to work. Today is Tuesday. Therefore, I will go to work.
Term
Definition of an explanation
Definition
To give a reason for
Term
Definition of a justification
Definition
To show something to be right
Term
Three Affluenza facts
Definition
1. On average, U.S. citizens spend 6 hours shopping a week and 40 minutes/week playing with their children. 2. There is a correlation between wealth and stress. 3. The average American will spend a year of their lives watching commercials.
Term
Meta-ethical constructivism
Definition
Things are valuable ultimately because we take them to be.
Term
Subjectivism
Definition
restriction of knowledge to the knowing subject and its sensory, each person's beliefs are relative to that person alone
Term
Contextualism
Definition
emphasizing the application of ideas or the practicalness of certain concepts and beliefs
Term
Moral Considerability
Definition
An entity deserves to have its welfare considered by moral decision makers
Term
Indirect moral considerability
Definition
An entity deserves to have its integrity considered by moral decision makers when it stands in a qualifying relationship to a directly morally considerable entity
Term
Moral Significance
Definition
How much an entity counts
Term
State what Descartes believes determines if an entity has MC
Definition
any entity that uses language
Term
State what Kant believes determines if an entity has MC
Definition
All and only rational entities are directly morally considerable
Term
State what Bentham/Singer believe make an entity morally considerable
Definition
All and only sentient entities are MC
Term
State what Goodpaster believes makes an entity MC
Definition
All and only living entities are MC
Term
Define the ownership principle of IMC
Definition
A directly morally considerable owns the indirect object
Term
Define the actual (subjective) concern principle of IMC
Definition
Object(s) should be of concern because it actually means something to a morally considerable thing
Term
Define the Ideal (objective concern) principle of IMC
Definition
Ideal (objective concern): Objects that ought to be of moral concern to people are indirectly morally considerable. Ex. Dung beetles concern ought to be of concern even though most people don’t like them
Term
Define the use-value principle of IMC
Definition
anything that is useful is indirectly morally considerable
Term
Artifactism
Definition
Any artificat is directly morall considerable
Term
Radical Specism
Definition
Non-humans have no interest
Term
Extreme speciesm
Definition
Non-human interest are always trumped by human interests, thus non-humans have interest but they are not worth much
Term
Interest Specific Speciesim
Definition
Prioritize basic to peripheral interest but in cases of like interests humans win
Term
Two Factor Egalitarianism
Definition
Prioritize basic, serious, and peripheral interest and ties go to the more psychologically complex being
Term
Species Egalitarianism
Definition
Prioritize basic to non-basic interests and in cases of ties flip a coin
Term
Basic interest
Definition
Essential for an entity to function
Term
Peripheral interest
Definition
Helps an entity to thrive but not essential
Term
Serious interest
Definition
make the difference between a barley maintained integrity and a minimally descent life ex. social life, shelter
Term
Anthropocentrism
Definition
All and only human individuals/groups of individuals have inherent value/rights
Term
Sentientism
Definition
All and only sentient individuals/groups of individuals have intrinsic value/rights
Term
Biocentrism
Definition
All and only living individuals/groups of individuals have intrinsic value/rights
Term
Ecocentrism
Definition
All and only ecological individuals/groups of individuals have intrinsic value/rights
Term
Non-conscious experience
Definition
experience is not available to be thought about
Term
Behavioral evidence against Carruthers' claim
Definition
How animals react to uncomfortable experiences similar to how humans would react.
Term
Physiological evidence against Carruthers' claim
Definition
Mammals have very similar physiology to humans physically. If we experience pain, then it’s very likely that animals experience pain.
Term
Evolutionary evidence against Carruthers' claim
Definition
Pain is a valuable experience to help for survival. It’s unlikely that life which does not experience pain has been able to survive up to this point
Term
The land management approach
Definition
approach works to maintain land for its specific function for humans, whether it is a prairie, woods, or something else, is a never ending project (anthropocentric).
Term
The keep it wild approach
Definition
aims to minimize human activity on the land to let nature work as it should, there is a point that humans leave it alone (ecocentric).
Term
The three misconceptions that Gore mentions in his movie
Definition
a. There’s a disagreement among scientists. There are virtually no scientific articles that disagree with global warming. b. We must choose between the economy and the environment. If we don’t have a planet the economy doesn’t matter. Also, reducing emissions will create jobs and wealth. c. The problem is too big/it’s too late to fix it. We have everything we need to dramatically reduce emissions. American’s have a history of doing the impossible, ex. The Revolution.
Term
Simon's definition of raw materials
Definition
A physical natural resource that can be used
Term
Simon's definition of services
Definition
The use that humans get out of a natural resource
Term
Simon's definition of replacability
Definition
An entity that can be subsituted
Term
Simon's definition of renewability
Definition
Can be renewed by natural cycles
Term
Simon's def. of irreplacability
Definition
Entity that can not be subsituted
Term
The Erhlich Identity
Definition
Sustainability= Population X Consumption X Technology
Term
Tradgey of the Commons
Definition
what is rational for individuals leads to harm for the collective.The burdens are spread across many people over a long time, and the benefit is only felt by an individual in a particular case.
Term
Global breadbox
Definition
Earth's common resources
Term
Global sink
Definition
Common waste areas on Earth
Term
Biotic principle
Definition
the Earth can produce new “bread” and properly dispose of new toxins at a certain rate, but there is a max.
Term
Biotic interest
Definition
It is ok to take out the "extra" resources (like the interest of a bank account)
Term
Deep Ecology key ideas
Definition
1. Self- realization: there are no isolated egos 2. Biocentric equality: All biotic entities have = instrinsic worth
Term
Eagle Man- moral imagining eye
Definition
Knows nature is complicated, eye is forgiving
Term
Eagle Man- Empirical eye
Definition
Slices and dices moral world
Term
Warren- Value dualism
Definition
The perceptual/conceptual landscape is constructed (almost entirely) into oppositional and exclusive disjunctive pairs
Term
Warren- up/down thinking
Definition
Prestige is placed on one and only one side of a value dualism ex. prestige male non-prestige: female
Term
Warren- the logic of domination
Definition
Entities in the non-prestige class in virtue of the possession or lack of a purported relevant trait may justiably be dominated/subordinated
Term
MLK's 5 criteria for civil disobedience justification
Definition
1. The practitioner is willing to be punished 2. The practitioner is prepared/trained to remain non-violent 3. It is non-violent (against-people) 4. It is not anarchistic (aimed at particular policies) 5. Currently available alternatives have been exhausted
Term
Lobbying characteristics (3)
Definition
Is legal, non-violent, usually slow to get results
Term
Civil disobedience characteristics (4)
Definition
Illegal, non-violent, moderate speed, wants to change social norm
Term
Sabotage (4)
Definition
Illegal, violent against property, secret, fast
Term
Terrorism (4)
Definition
Illegal, violent against people and property, secret, fast



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