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Details Title: Environmental Ethics Description: PHIL 230 Total Flash Cards: 61 Created: 12/09/2007 15:19:52	To study from this set of flash cards, or to create your own your own study flash cards, register HERE. If you are already a registered user, CLICK HERE.
Cards Term Three main facets of reading philosophy well Definition a. Stage stetting: pre-read, fast-read, b. Understanding: read very carefully c. Evaluate Term How to make a modus ponens Definition Find a belief that you want to prove and the best reason for the agreement. If P, then Q. P is true therefore, Q. Ex. If today is Tuesday I will go to work. Today is Tuesday. Therefore, I will go to work. Term Definition of an explanation Definition To give a reason for Term Definition of a justification Definition To show something to be right Term Three Affluenza facts Definition 1. On average, U.S. citizens spend 6 hours shopping a week and 40 minutes/week playing with their children. 2. There is a correlation between wealth and stress. 3. The average American will spend a year of their lives watching commercials. Term Meta-ethical constructivism Definition Things are valuable ultimately because we take them to be. Term Subjectivism Definition restriction of knowledge to the knowing subject and its sensory, each person's beliefs are relative to that person alone Term Contextualism Definition emphasizing the application of ideas or the practicalness of certain concepts and beliefs Term Moral Considerability Definition An entity deserves to have its welfare considered by moral decision makers Term Indirect moral considerability Definition An entity deserves to have its integrity considered by moral decision makers when it stands in a qualifying relationship to a directly morally considerable entity Term Moral Significance Definition How much an entity counts Term State what Descartes believes determines if an entity has MC Definition any entity that uses language Term State what Kant believes determines if an entity has MC Definition All and only rational entities are directly morally considerable Term State what Bentham/Singer believe make an entity morally considerable Definition All and only sentient entities are MC Term State what Goodpaster believes makes an entity MC Definition All and only living entities are MC Term Define the ownership principle of IMC Definition A directly morally considerable owns the indirect object Term Define the actual (subjective) concern principle of IMC Definition Object(s) should be of concern because it actually means something to a morally considerable thing Term Define the Ideal (objective concern) principle of IMC Definition Ideal (objective concern): Objects that ought to be of moral concern to people are indirectly morally considerable. Ex. Dung beetles concern ought to be of concern even though most people don’t like them Term Define the use-value principle of IMC Definition anything that is useful is indirectly morally considerable Term Artifactism Definition Any artificat is directly morall considerable Term Radical Specism Definition Non-humans have no interest Term Extreme speciesm Definition Non-human interest are always trumped by human interests, thus non-humans have interest but they are not worth much Term Interest Specific Speciesim Definition Prioritize basic to peripheral interest but in cases of like interests humans win Term Two Factor Egalitarianism Definition Prioritize basic, serious, and peripheral interest and ties go to the more psychologically complex being Term Species Egalitarianism Definition Prioritize basic to non-basic interests and in cases of ties flip a coin Term Basic interest Definition Essential for an entity to function Term Peripheral interest Definition Helps an entity to thrive but not essential Term Serious interest Definition make the difference between a barley maintained integrity and a minimally descent life ex. social life, shelter Term Anthropocentrism Definition All and only human individuals/groups of individuals have inherent value/rights Term Sentientism Definition All and only sentient individuals/groups of individuals have intrinsic value/rights Term Biocentrism Definition All and only living individuals/groups of individuals have intrinsic value/rights Term Ecocentrism Definition All and only ecological individuals/groups of individuals have intrinsic value/rights Term Non-conscious experience Definition experience is not available to be thought about Term Behavioral evidence against Carruthers' claim Definition How animals react to uncomfortable experiences similar to how humans would react. Term Physiological evidence against Carruthers' claim Definition Mammals have very similar physiology to humans physically. If we experience pain, then it’s very likely that animals experience pain. Term Evolutionary evidence against Carruthers' claim Definition Pain is a valuable experience to help for survival. It’s unlikely that life which does not experience pain has been able to survive up to this point Term The land management approach Definition approach works to maintain land for its specific function for humans, whether it is a prairie, woods, or something else, is a never ending project (anthropocentric). Term The keep it wild approach Definition aims to minimize human activity on the land to let nature work as it should, there is a point that humans leave it alone (ecocentric). Term The three misconceptions that Gore mentions in his movie Definition a. There’s a disagreement among scientists. There are virtually no scientific articles that disagree with global warming. b. We must choose between the economy and the environment. If we don’t have a planet the economy doesn’t matter. Also, reducing emissions will create jobs and wealth. c. The problem is too big/it’s too late to fix it. We have everything we need to dramatically reduce emissions. American’s have a history of doing the impossible, ex. The Revolution. Term Simon's definition of raw materials Definition A physical natural resource that can be used Term Simon's definition of services Definition The use that humans get out of a natural resource Term Simon's definition of replacability Definition An entity that can be subsituted Term Simon's definition of renewability Definition Can be renewed by natural cycles Term Simon's def. of irreplacability Definition Entity that can not be subsituted Term The Erhlich Identity Definition Sustainability= Population X Consumption X Technology Term Tradgey of the Commons Definition what is rational for individuals leads to harm for the collective.The burdens are spread across many people over a long time, and the benefit is only felt by an individual in a particular case. Term Global breadbox Definition Earth's common resources Term Global sink Definition Common waste areas on Earth Term Biotic principle Definition the Earth can produce new “bread” and properly dispose of new toxins at a certain rate, but there is a max. Term Biotic interest Definition It is ok to take out the "extra" resources (like the interest of a bank account) Term Deep Ecology key ideas Definition 1. Self- realization: there are no isolated egos 2. Biocentric equality: All biotic entities have = instrinsic worth Term Eagle Man- moral imagining eye Definition Knows nature is complicated, eye is forgiving Term Eagle Man- Empirical eye Definition Slices and dices moral world Term Warren- Value dualism Definition The perceptual/conceptual landscape is constructed (almost entirely) into oppositional and exclusive disjunctive pairs Term Warren- up/down thinking Definition Prestige is placed on one and only one side of a value dualism ex. prestige male non-prestige: female Term Warren- the logic of domination Definition Entities in the non-prestige class in virtue of the possession or lack of a purported relevant trait may justiably be dominated/subordinated Term MLK's 5 criteria for civil disobedience justification Definition 1. The practitioner is willing to be punished 2. The practitioner is prepared/trained to remain non-violent 3. It is non-violent (against-people) 4. It is not anarchistic (aimed at particular policies) 5. Currently available alternatives have been exhausted Term Lobbying characteristics (3) Definition Is legal, non-violent, usually slow to get results Term Civil disobedience characteristics (4) Definition Illegal, non-violent, moderate speed, wants to change social norm Term Sabotage (4) Definition Illegal, violent against property, secret, fast Term Terrorism (4) Definition Illegal, violent against people and property, secret, fast