Term
| inheritance of required characteristics |
|
Definition
| Lamarck's theory that changes individuals acquire in lifetime are passed onto offspring. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of the properties of genes in populations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when loci (specific location of a gene or DNA sequence on a chromosome) have more than one allele present more frequently than would occur with mutation alone. |
|
|
Term
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
|
Definition
1. no mutation
2. no genes are transferred to or from other sources (no immigration or emigration happens)
3. random mating is happening
4. population size is large
5. no selection happens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how often certain alleles appear in the population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the presence/likelihood of certain genotypes in a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement of alleles from one population to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is the ultimate source of variation; this change is so frequent that it has little influence on allele frequency shifts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inbreeding is the most common form of evolutionary change; it does not alter allele frequency, but it dos reduce the heterozygote population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Statistical accidents; the random fluctuation in allele frequencies increases as population size decreases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is the only evolutionary agent that produces adaptive evolutionary changes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When certain genotypes mate with one another more frequently than would be expected in random conditions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phenotypically similar individuals mate; it is non-random and creates offspring that deviate from the Harvey-W predictions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is a drastic change in the frequency of particular alleles by chance; it is a random occurrence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is a process that creates heterozygotic offspring in which phenotypically different individuals mate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alleles that were rare at one time in a source population end up making a large contribution to the gene pool; this is a result of some members leaving the source population to a new and isolated location where they become "founders" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is an alteration and loss of genetic variability as a result of some change that wipes out part of the population; changes might be environmental, disease, or otherwise natural. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some individuals contribute more offspring than others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Breeder selects for certain desired characteristics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Environmental conditions determine which individuals in the population produce the most offspring.
- variation must exist amongst individuals
- variation among individuals must result in differences in the number of offspring surviving in the next generation
- variation must be genetically inherited
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When reproduction is possible in a species; there are surviving offspring |
|
|
Term
| frequency-dependent selection |
|
Definition
| This type of selection favors certain phenotypes depending on how commonly or uncommonly they occur. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is when selection favors one phenotype at one time and another at another point in time; this serves to maintain genetic variation in the population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This works to maintain alleles in a population in that it favors individuals with copies of both alleles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This type of selection eliminates one extreme from an array of phenotypes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Selection acting to eliminate any intermediate types of alleles in a population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Selection acts to eliminate both extremes from an array of phenotypes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When alleles have multiple aspects of a phenotype. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The phenomenon in which the darker individuals come to predominate over light ones; this was prevalent at the time of the Industrial Revolution and the seen in the peppered moth. Pollution control reversed the process. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| These all have different appearances and functions, but all are derived from the same body part in a common ancestor; an example of this includes the forelimbs of vertebrates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| These structures have no function, but resemble the structures that their ancestors had. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this is the study of the geographic distribution of species; it reveals that different geographical areas sometimes exhibit groups of plants and animals of strikingly similar appearance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Evolution is not solidly demonstrated
- There are no fossil intermediates
- The intelligent design argument: organs too complex to be a product of random chance evolution
- Evolution violates the second law of thermodynamics: random events do not create organization, but rather disorganization
- Proteins are too improbable
- Natural selection does not imply evolution
- The irreducible complexity argument: the intricate machinery of biological processes cannot be explained by evolution from simpler stages
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When species inhabit the same locale, but remain distinct. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individuals of a single species that live in different areas and are therefore distinct from one another; can be conceptualized as race, but this is an expired reference |
|
|
Term
| biological species concept |
|
Definition
| This was created by Ernst Mayr in 1942; it defines a species as groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Populations whose members cannot produce fertile offspring are characterized in this way. |
|
|
Term
| reproductive isolating mechanisms |
|
Definition
| These are barriers to successful reproduction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Species occur at different areas, which are often separated by physical barriers, such as a river/mtn range. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| species occur in the same area, but occupy different habitats and rarely encounter each other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Species have different mating rituals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Species reproduce in different seasons or at different times of the day. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structural differences between the species prevent mating. |
|
|
Term
| Prevention of gamete fusion |
|
Definition
| Gametes of one species function poorly with the gametes of another species or within the reproductive tract of another species. |
|
|
Term
| hybrid invariability/infertility |
|
Definition
| Hybrid embryos do not develop normally; hybrid adults will not survive in nature, are sterile or have reduced fertility. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This happens when initially unfinished isolating processes/mechanisms are reinforced by natural selection until they are completely ineffective. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| These are geographically separated species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This process creates individuals with more than two sets of chromosomes; it is common in plants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is polyploid speciation in which happens when two species hybridize; the resulting offspring are often infertile. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is the creation of polyploid individuals through a single species; this can happen with erroneous cell division in which chromosomes double. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| These are particularly common in situations in which species occur in an environment with few other species and many available resources; it occurs as groups of closely-related species (recently emerged from a common ancestor) evolve by adapting to different parts of the environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is when a new trait evolves within a species that allows it to use resources or other aspects of the environment that were previously inaccessible. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is a process of natural selection in which natural selection favors individuals that use resources not used by other species; species will diverge as the more fit individuals increase in frequency. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is a long period of little or no evolutionary change. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is the idea that characterizes common belief about evolution: it is an accumulation of changes over thousands/millions yrs. |
|
|
Term
| punctuated equilibrium (hypothesis) |
|
Definition
| These are bursts of evolutionary change that happen during speciation and alternate with periods of stasis (or little to no evolution). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sharp and abrupt declines in a population; it outpaces speciation. |
|
|
