Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Odonata

Zygoptera

Calopterygidae

• labial mask adapted for catching prey
• wings held over back

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Odonata

Anisoptera

• immatures have a labial mask
• hold winds to the side of body
• eyes often touching

• collembola and protura are most commonly related (ellipura) and make up entognatha along with diplura who shared a common ancestor with both previously mentioned groups
• ectognatha are all other hexapoda referred to as insecta

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Apterygota(primatively wingless)

Order: Archaeognatha

• "jumping bristle tails"
• have eversible vesicles on abdominal segments 1-7
• can jump up to 10 cm by snapping abdomen against ground
• tiny stylets (leg remnants) on body segments (10 segments total)
• cerci present and shorter than medial caudal filament

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Blattodea

• cockroach
• produce ootheca

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Coleoptera

• holometabolous
• hardened forewings called elytra

Suborder:Adephaga

Family: Carabidae "ground beetles

Subfamily" Cicindelinea "tiger beetles"

ex. Oxychila spp. (not this image)

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Coleoptera

Suborder: Adephaga

Family: Carabidae "ground beetles"

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Coleoptera

Suborder: Archostemata

Family: Cupedidae

• primitive-like, resemble fossilzed beetle ancestors
• setae/scales cover the body

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Coleoptera

Suborder: Polyphaga

Family: Cerambycidae

• "long-horn beetles"
• virtually all have very long antennae
• include the Harlequin beetle with extremely long arms for fighting (pictured)

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Coleoptera

Suborder: Polyphaga

Family: Scarbaeidae

Subfamily: Aphodiinae

• wide, flat head, spiny legs
• dung dwelling

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Coleoptera

Suborder: Polyphaga

Family: Sacarbaeidae

Subfamily: Dynastinae

• "hercules beetles"
• v. large

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Coleoptera

Suborder: Polyphaga

Family: Scarbaeidae

Subfamily: Melolonthinae

• hairy beetles called "chaffers"
• mimic bumble bees sometimes with exaggerated antennal segments

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Coleoptera

Suborder: Polyphaga

Family: Sacarbaeidae

Subfamily:Rutelinae

• fruit eaters

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Coleoptera

Suborder: Polyphaga

Family: Staphylinidae

• "rove beetles"
• distinctive truncated elytra
• evolved a rolling wing mechanism for the rear wings to put under the elytra
• often eat maggots from carrion

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Coleoptera

Suborder: Polyphaga

Family: Tenebrionidae

• tend to be bow legged in stance, big/flat heads
• maniliform antennae
• extremely resistant to dessication (by hydrophobia sometimes or one can put its abdomen in the air and collect fog that rolls into its mouth.
• Tribolium confusum is a flour pest

Hexapoda

Entognatha

Order: Collembola

• "springtails"
• have a collophore which is a ventral tube-like structure on first abdominal segment, may function in water balance
• have a forked, jumping organ called a furcula that is attached ventrally to the fourth body segment. the furcula "locks" into the tennaculum located ventrally on the third abdominal segment
• 3 body morph types: poduromorpha ("plush toy"), symphypleona (resemble chelicerates, "globular springtails"), and entomobryidae ("typically" insect like appearance, very hairy or scaly)

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Dermaptera

• earwigs
• pinching abdominal defense

Hexapoda

Entognatha

Order: Diplura

Family:Japigidae (bottom drawing)

• "two-pronged bristletails"
• some pigmentation
• long antennae
• 2 pincer/forcep like cerci
• lack eyes and jaws

Hexapoda

Entognatha

Order: Diplura

Family:Campidiaform family (long and slender cerci) (top drawing)

• "two-pronged bristletails"
• unpigmented (except in Japygidae)
• long antennae
• 2 long cerci
• lack eyes and jaws

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Diptera

Family:Brachycera (short antennae, larvae have highly reduced head capsules, pupae form inside puparium)

Subfamily: Asilidae

• "robber flies"
• big enemy of tiger beetles--can attack them mid air and stab them where the elytra expose the abdomen

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Diptera

Family:Brachycera (short antennae, larvae have highly reduced head capsules, pupae form inside puparium)

Subfamily: Muscidae

• include common house fly
• carrion/decaying organic material feeders

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Diptera

Family:Brachycera (short antennae, larvae have highly reduced head capsules, pupae form inside puparium)

Subfamily: Tephritidae

• fruit flies often with darkened wing patterns

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Diptera

Family:Nematocera (long antennae, prmitive condiditon of pronotum distinct from mesonotum, larvae with distinct typically well developed capsules)

Subfamily: Chironomidae

• "midges"

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Diptera

Family:Nematocera (long antennae, prmitive condiditon of pronotum distinct from mesonotum, larvae with distinct typically well developed capsules)

Subfamily:Culicidae

• "mosquitos"

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Diptera

Family:Nematocera (long antennae, prmitive condiditon of pronotum distinct from mesonotum, larvae with distinct typically well developed capsules)

Subfamily:Psychodidae

• "mothflies"
• scaled wings adapted to be hydrophobic bc they feed on algae

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Diptera

Family:Nematocera (long antennae, prmitive condiditon of pronotum distinct from mesonotum, larvae with distinct typically well developed capsules)

Subfamily:Tipulidae

• "crane flies"

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Embioptera

• "webspinners"
• considered among the "orthopteroids" (also includes orthoptera, dermaptera, isoptera, mantodea, blattodea, zoraptera, grylloblattodea)
• possess modified enlarged front tarsi that produce silk
• construct silken nests under leaf litter and bark
• run backwards when threatened
• females are wingless

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Embioptera

• "webspinners"
• considered among the "orthopteroids" (also includes orthoptera, dermaptera, isoptera, mantodea, blattodea, zoraptera, grylloblattodea)
• possess modified enlarged front tarsi that produce silk
• construct silken nests under leaf litter and bark
• run backwards when threatened
• males possess wings

Hexapoda

Entognatha

Order: Collembola

• entomobryidae morph ("insect-like")

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Ephemeroptera

• "mayflies"
• bioindicators
• pubescents called subimago--winged to get out of water then go to a leaf and become an imago, nymphs called naiads
• female of Family Baetididae may be parthenogenic and flies up high then slams int the water exploding her body and dispersing her eggs

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order:Grylloblattodea

• "rock crawlers"
• obscure and rare, discovered in 1914
• live in extreme environments and are very cold tolerant

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Hemiptera (formerly heteroptera)

Family: Coreidae

• "leaf-footed bugs"
• expanded hind femora
• often expanded hind tibia as well

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Hemiptera (formerly heteroptera)

Family:Lygaeidae

• "seed bugs"

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Hemiptera (formerly heteroptera)

Family:Miridae

• "plant bugs"
• few segments in antennae, angular
• big eyes out the side of their heads
• often vector (plant) disease

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Hemiptera (formerly heteroptera)

Family:Pentatomidae

• stink and shield bugs
• 5 antennal segments

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Hemiptera (formerly heteroptera)

Family:Reduviidae

• "assassin bugs"
• use beak-like mouth parts to feed on prey that includes humans and mammals

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Hemiptera (formerly homoptera)

Group: Cicadomorpha

Family:Cercopidae

"spittle bugs"

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Hemiptera (formerly homoptera)

Group: Cicadomorpha

Family:Cicadellidae

"leaf hoppers"

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Hemiptera (formerly homoptera)

Group: Cicadomorpha

Family: Cicadidae

"cicadas"

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Hemiptera (formerly homoptera)

Group: Cicadomorpha

Family:Membracidae

• "treehoppers"
• can mold their bodies into incredible forms for mimicry (eg like thorns, ants)
• pronotum is highly developmentally variable

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Hemiptera (formerly homoptera)

Group: Fulgorimorpha

Family:Fulgoroidea

• "leaf hoppers"
• have head modifications (eg the peanut head/lantern fly insect on the card)

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Hemiptera (formerly homoptera)

Group: Sternorrhyncha

Family:Aphidae

• aphids
• soft body
• mutualist symbiont in their gut that helps them get food

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Hemiptera (formerly homoptera)

Group: Sternorrhyncha

Family: Coccoidea

• "scale insects"
• most have brief mobile stage, cushiony/insulation/cotton/way inedible in sedentary stage

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Neuroptera

Suborder: Megaloptera

Family: Sialidae

• immature
• "alderflies"

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Neuroptera

Suborder: Planipennia

Family: Chrysopidae

• immature/larvae
• called "aphid lions"
• will use skins to hide under

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order:Isoptera

• "termites"

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Lepidoptera

• moths and butterflies
• scaled wings

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Mantodea

• mantises
• raptorial, visual sit and wait predators
• annulated antennae
• ootheca
• similar in wing venation to Blattodea

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Mecoptera

Family: Bittacidae

• "hangingflies"
• resemble crane flies
• highly derived tarsal claws to catch insects while dangling
• most give nuptial gifts

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Mecoptera

Family: Boreidae

• "snow scorpions"
• flightless
• long faces
• snow dwellers
• on the ones that dont have wings the female gets on top and is held by the male's wings

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Mecoptera

Family: Panorpidae

• "scorpionflies"
• "gas mask" type face/head
• abdomen drawn out into a telson like structure
• sexual dimorphism

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Diptera

Suborder: Brachycera

Family:Mydidae

• "mydas fly"
• usually blakc or dark colored

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Ephemeroptera

• naiad
• "mayfly"
• antennae short and bristle-like
• 4-9 pairs of leaf like or fan-like gills on sides of abdomen
• 3 long filaments at rear of abdomen

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Neuroptera

Suborder: Planipennia

Family: Myrmeleontidae

• larva of ant lion

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Neuroptera

Suborder: Megaloptera

Family: Corydalidae

• "dobsonflies"

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Neuroptera

Suborder: Megaloptera

Family: Sialidae

• "alderflies"
• larvae important in ecosystem

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Neuroptera

Suborder: Planipennia

Family: Ascalaphidae

• immature

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Neuroptera

Suborder: Planipennia

Family: Ascalaphidae

• "owlflies"
• antennae usually as long or almost as long as whole body
• can have a dragonfly like appearance
• usually found at night

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Neuroptera

Suborder: Planipennia

Family: Chrysopidae

• "green lacewings"

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Neuroptera

Suborder: Planipennia

Family: Hemerobiidae

• "brown lacewings"
• immature
• often found on spruce or hemlock to eat scale insects or aphids
• hind wings are hairy

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Neuroptera

Suborder: Planipennia

Family: Hemerobiidae

• "brown lacewings"
• often found on spruce or hemlock to eat scale insects or aphids
• hind wings are hairy

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Neuroptera

Suborder: Planipennia

Family: Mantispidae

• "mantisflies"
• all are parasitoids, some are tied to wolf spiders
• one Polistes spp. mimic
• raptorial forelegs, incredibly similar morphologically to true mantises

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Neuroptera

Suborder: Planipennia

Family: Myrmeleontidae

• "ant lion"
• adults resemble dragon flies (with antennae but not as long as the owlflies Ascalaphidae)

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Neuroptera

Suborder: Planipennia

Family: Sisyridae

• "spongillaflies"
• larave are predators of freshwater sponges
• make netted cocoon type thangs

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Neuroptera

Suborder: Raphidoptera

• "snakeflies"
• weird elongated/pronounced pronotum
• long ovipositor
• prognathous

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Odonata

Anisoptera

• "dragonflies"
• immature has labial jaw that can shoot out to catch prey
• entirely aquatic

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Odonata

Zygoptera

• "damselflies"
• immature has labial jaw that can shoot out to catch prey
• entirely aquatic

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Pterygota

Order: Orthoptera

Calelifera (grasshoppers and locusts, "short horned")

Family: Acrididae

• short-horned grasshoppers and locusts
• have tympanal organs for hearing located on the sides of the first abdominal segment

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

 Pterygota

Order: Orthoptera

Calelifera (grasshoppers and locusts, "short horned")

Family: Tetrigidae

• pygmy grasshoppers
• have tympanal organs for hearing located on the sides of the first abdominal segment

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

 Pterygota

Order: Orthoptera

Ensifera (katydids and crickets, "long-horned")

Family: Gryllacrididae

"camel crickets or cave crickets"

• have tympanal organs for hearing on the front tibia

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

 Pterygota

Order: Orthoptera

Ensifera (katydids and crickets, "long-horned")

Family: Gryllidae

"crickets"

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

 Pterygota

Order: Orthoptera

Ensifera (katydids and crickets, "long-horned")

Family: Gryllotalpidae

• "mole crickets"
• fossorial forelegs for digging

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

 Pterygota

Order: Orthoptera

Ensifera (katydids and crickets, "long-horned")

Family: Tettigonidae

• "katydids"
• highly advanced cryptic skills

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

 Pterygota

Order: Phasmatodea

• "walking sticks"
• highly cryptic, often stick or leaf-like

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

 Pterygota

Order: Phthiraptera

• include mallophaga (chewing, pictured) and anoplura (sucking--like crabs)

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

 Pterygota

Order: Plecoptera

• "stoneflies"
• adults aren't strong fliers, live close to water emerged from (larvae are completely aquatic)

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

 Pterygota

Order: Plecoptera

• "stoneflies"
• nymph
• adults aren't strong fliers, live close to water emerged from (larvae are completely aquatic)

Hexapoda

Entognatha

Order: Collembola

• poduromorpha morph ("plush toy")

Hexapoda

Entognatha

Order: Protura

• "cone heads"
• most spp are microscopic and unpigmented
• traditionally been considered most primitive of all hexapods
• lack eyes and antennae
• front legs used in sensory role by cetea and chemoreception (similar to antennae)
• cerci and abdominal filaments totally absent
• small ventral styli on abdominal segments 1-3
• each molt from newely hatched takes 9 ab. segments to 12
• have additional molting fter adulthood

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

 Pterygota

Order: Pscoptera

• "bark lice, book lice"
• possibly most primitive of the "hemipteroid" groupbc mouthparts are the least modified from primitive form

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

 Pterygota

Order: Siphonaptera

• "fleas"
• wingless and sucking ectoparasites
• adults on hosts, larvae in nests, hair, featehrs, etc
• fleas are laterally flattened with tapered heads

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

 Pterygota

Order: Strepsiptera

• "twisted wing parasites"
• have halteres at forewings rather than hind, reduced venation
• internal parasites of some hymenoptera, orthoptera, hemiptera (few on archaeognatha)
• large, raspberry-like compound eyes
• feathery antennae
• adult females are wingless, legless, eyeless, and never leave the host(almost no morph. structures)
• trinugulin larvae

Hexapoda

Entognatha

Order: Collembola

• symphpleona morph (chelierate-like)

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

 Pterygota

Order: Thysanoptera

Terebrantia

• brush wing, "thrips"
• asymmetrical head/mouth parts
• terebrantia "classic"

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

 Pterygota

Order: Thysanoptera

Tubulifera

• brush wing, "thrips"
• asymmetrical head/mouth parts
• tubulifera some have wings atrophied, many are predaceous

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

 Apterygota

Order: Thysanura

Family: Lepismatidae

• "silver fish and firebrats"
• some are more resistant to dessication
• may be long lived (up to 8 years)
• continue to molt even after adulthood

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

 Pterygota

Order: Trichoptera

• "caddiflies"
• larva pictured in a case, resemble caterpillars (eruciform shape) and are closely related to lepidopterans
• case-makers

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

 Pterygota

Order: Trichoptera

• "caddiflies"
• case-makers
• exclusively live in fresh water aquatic environments
• adult mouthparts often vestigial or absent
• adults have filiform antennae

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

 Pterygota

Order: Zoraptera

• "angel insects"
• live in rotting wood, under bark
• many lack eyes, wings, or pigment (except those rare dispersers)