Term
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Definition
Bonds to others (adhesion)
Bonds to itself (cohesion)
Condusive to temperature moderation
good solvent |
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Term
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Definition
| building blocks of polymers |
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Term
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Definition
made up of monomers
makes up macromolecules |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
reaction that links monomers to create polymers
water is released as a bi-product |
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Term
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Definition
breaking down of poymers into monomers
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Term
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Definition
Aadenosine triphosphate
energy currency in cells |
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Term
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Definition
organic compounds composed of C, H, and O
ratio of H:O 2:1
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
type of macromolecule |
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Term
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Definition
simple sugar
e.g. glucose, fructose, and galactose
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Term
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Definition
compounds with a single chemical formula
with different forms |
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Term
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Definition
formed from monosaccharides through condensation
e.g. table sugar |
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Term
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Definition
complex carbohydrate
3 or more monosaccharides combined |
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Term
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Definition
| stored form of energy in animals |
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Term
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Definition
| stored form of energy in plants |
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Term
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Definition
| makes up rigidity in plants |
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Term
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Definition
organic compounds composed of C, H, O, and N
type of macromelocule |
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Term
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Definition
20 of these
contain an "R" group
10 are essential to the body |
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Term
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Definition
bond between amino acids
type of covalent bond |
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Term
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Definition
catalysts for reactions
contain a substrate and active site
fail when pH changes or temperature changes |
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Term
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Definition
a type of macromolecule
nonpolar (don't dissolve in water)
store energy very well
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Term
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Definition
unbranched carbon chains
carboxyl group on one end (COOH)
carboxyl end is attracted to water
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| all carbon atoms have "H" attached to them |
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Term
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Definition
type of macromolecule
stores hereditary information |
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Term
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Definition
| monomers for nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
limit the effects and opportunity for enzymes
competes with other molecules to bind to enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| microscope used to see things not available to the naked eye |
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Term
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Definition
| microscope used to see things naked eye can see in greater detail |
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Term
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Definition
eyepiece magnifies 10x
objective lenses magnify 4x, 10x, 40x |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of a microscope to distinguish two objects as seperate |
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Term
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Definition
| everything that can be seen through a microscope |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of field that appears sharp |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| net h2o movement is into the cell, cell gets bigger |
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Term
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Definition
| net h2o movement is out of cell, cell shrinks |
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Term
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Definition
| net h2o movement is nothing |
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Term
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Definition
| the pressure that water exerts against the cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of pressure when cell shrinks away from cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
| animal cells burst open due to water diffusing into the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| difference in concentration across a space (movement is high to low concentration) |
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Term
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Definition
diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
movement of molecules across the membrane that doesn't use energy |
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Term
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Definition
| net movement of molecules |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| diffusion where large molecules use a membrane carrier protein to cross the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of large amounts of material using a vesicle |
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Term
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Definition
| moves substances into a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| moves substance out of a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| transport of a substance agains the concentration gradient using energy and a membrane protein |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 1st law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| energy can't be created or destroyed, can only change forms |
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Term
| 2nd law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| entropy of the universe always increases |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of disorder/randomness |
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Term
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Definition
enzyme that adds phosphate directly onto ADP to make ATP
used for quick energy
anaerobic
stored in muscles |
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Term
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Definition
partial breakdown of glucose by removing hydrogens
used for short term energy production
anaerobic
occurs in cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
anaerobic
converts pyruvate into 3 carbon lactic acid |
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Term
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Definition
plant cells and yeast convert pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol
anaerobic |
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Term
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Definition
occurs in matrix of the mitochondria
pyruvate combines with coenzyme A to produce acetyl CoA
2 NAD is reduced to NAPH+H
2 CO2 released (1 from each pyruvate) |
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Term
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Definition
creates 36 to 38 ATP
used for long term energy production
aerobic
occurs in mitochondrial matrix
can use glucose, fats, or proteins as fuel |
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Term
| krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) |
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Definition
| products (per 2 cycles): 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2, 2 ATP |
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Term
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Definition
creates the most ATP during cellular respiration
each NAPH produces 2 ATP
each FADH2 produces 2 ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| double membrane surrounding nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| small holes in the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA wraps around these to help coil chromatin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| DNA coiled, thick (stored this way for replication) |
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Term
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Definition
synapsis- homologous chromosomes pair up
tetrads- each pair of homologous chromosomes
crossing over- regions of DNA are exchanged |
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Term
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Definition
| tetrads line up in cell's center |
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Term
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Definition
| homologous chromosomes will seperate and move to opposite poles |
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Term
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Definition
one of each pair of homologous chromosomes is at each pole
cytokinesis occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| same as meiosis 1, but splits at centromere |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| passing of traits from parents to offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| any characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring (plant height, seed texture, seed color) |
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Term
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Definition
| two forms of a gene represented by letters |
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Term
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Definition
| stronger of two genes expressed in the hybrid; represented by capital letter |
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Term
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Definition
| gene that gets covered up by the dominant trait; represented by a lowercase letter |
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Term
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Definition
| gene combination for a trait |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical feature resulting from a genotype |
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Term
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Definition
| a pair of factors is segregated, or separated during meiosis |
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Term
| law of independent assortment |
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Definition
| alleles for different traits are distributed to gametes independently of one another |
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Term
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Definition
| involves 2 pairs of contrasting traits |
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Term
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Definition
neither allele of the pair is completely dominant
they combine for a new trait
e.g. mix of colors (red + white = pink) |
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Term
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Definition
| both alleles are expressed equally; both phenotypes are produced |
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Term
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Definition
genes that reside on the x chromosome
(females XX males XY) |
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Term
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Definition
| traits determined by multiple genes |
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Term
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Definition
probability that two events will both happen "and rule"
product of their individual probabilities |
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Term
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Definition
if an event can happen in one or two ways
sum of their individual probabilities |
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Term
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Definition
| two chromosomes that carry the same information, but are not identical |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| microtubules that move chromosomes and attach to centromere |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the interphase: "gap" between cell division, cell grows |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the interphase: "synthesis"; DNA is copied |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the interphase: "gap" cells prepare for division; centrioles replicate, spindles form |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the interphase: "gap" cells are NOT undergoing any preparation for cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| phase of mitosis in which the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear, chromatin coils to form visible chromosomes, spindle fibers form between centrioles which move to opposite ends of cell |
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Term
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Definition
| phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes meet in the middle; each chromatid attached to separate spindle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| phase of mitosis in which the centromeres split and each sister chromatid is pulled apart to opposite polls of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| phase of mitosis in which the cell forms two new daughter cells, nucleus and nucleoulus reappear, chromosomes begin to uncoil |
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Term
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Definition
| first identified cells using a microscope |
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Term
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Definition
| first person to identify living cells |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates which substances enter or exit cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bodies within the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| long protein chains that provide support and tracks for moving substances through the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| made of proteins-provide support, cell motility, found in spindle apparatus, "hollow" |
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Term
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Definition
| made of actin, cell motility |
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Term
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Definition
| provide support and maintain shape of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| control center of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| site of ribosome production |
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Term
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Definition
| assemble amino acids into proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| transport system of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| makes fats, breaks down toxins, drugs, and toxic byproducts |
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Term
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Definition
| modifies proteins into vesicles and packages them for the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| breaks down materials and worn out cell parts, digestive cell |
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Term
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Definition
| transports materials out of the cell, can ride on cytoskeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| powerhouse of the cell, where energy is produced, loaded into muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| stores material, mostly water |
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Term
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Definition
| supports the cell shape, protects |
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Term
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Definition
| produce energy by photosynthesis |
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