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| Social critics of the Enlightenment in France |
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| François Marie Arouet. 70+ works, used satire against opponents targeting clergy aristocracy and government. Fought for tolerance religious and vocal freedom. |
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| Had a positive view of human nature. People can learn from mistakes and could govern themselves. 3 natural rights-life liberty and property. Foundation for modern democracy |
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| When the people have to hand their rights over to a ruler to gain law and order. Agreement for this type of government. |
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| French, devoted to study political liberty. Supported British system. Wrote On the Spirit of Laws. Supported separation of powers + checks and balances |
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| Comitted to individual freedom, a writer of essays. Disagreed with other Enlightenment figures on many matters. Civilization is corrupt, free formed government. Wrote The Social Contract |
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| Essay A Vindication of the Rights of Woman women should have education. Women’s rights activist |
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| Focused on individual when it came to economic thinking. Developed laissez faire. |
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| Time of scientific advancement occurring during the Reformation. A new way of thinking about the natural world |
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| Another name for the Enlightenment |
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| Leviathan expressed his views. Thought all humans were naturally selfish and wicked. Government needs total control to keep order. Created idea of social contract. Supporter of absolute monarchy. |
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| Equality, everyone deserves life, liberty, and property. Government needs to protect these laws. |
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| The general public/population has to agree with the type of government and has a say in political affairs. |
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| Acceptance of all religions and discard of superstition and fear to accept all religions |
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| Where wealthy French women held social gatherings in which they discussed ideas. |
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| Created Encyclopedia which expressed enlightenment views and spread them across the world. |
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| Mozart, Beethoven, Bach, Handel, Haydn |
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| Monarchs who made reforms and embraced the Enlightenment spirit. “Absolute Ruler” |
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| Enlightened despot, reformed Prussia. Granted religious freedom, reduced censorship and improved education. Abolished torture. Kept the social order. |
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| To filter out unwanted content |
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| Most radical reformer. Legal reforms and freedom of press, supported freedom of worship, abolished serfdom and has peasants paid for labor with cash. His changes were resisted by nobles. |
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| Ruled Russia, friend of Voltaire. Reviewed existing laws, allowed religious toleration, abolished torture and capital punishment. None of were put in action. Got rid of serfs’ freedom. |
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| Trade without any restriction |
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| "Allow to do" the government can not interfere |
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| Developed by Adam Smith saying that society is benefitted by individual pursuits |
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| The belief that people should live their lives and organize their society on the basis of rules and precepts laid down by nature or god |
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| An inherent natural order properly governed society, regarding land as the basis of wealth and taxation, and advocating a laissez-faire economy. |
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| Developed by Adam Smith, it's an economic system in which prices are determined by competition between privately owned businesses. |
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| He argued that fundamental concepts structure human experience, and that reason is the source of morality. Explained reasoning in relation to the human experience. |
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| Helped finance Diderot’s Encyclopedia |
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| Attacks theory of optimism, which said all is right in the world, written by Voltaire. |
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| Discovered gravity and created new laws of motion |
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