Term
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Definition
- consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
- includes sugars and starches
Functions:
- supply a source of cellular energy - used to generate ATP
- food reserves
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Term
Classicification of Carbohydrates
- according to size and solubility |
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Definition
- monosaccharides
- disaccharides
- polysaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
- smallest units of carbohydrate structure
- carbon mol. range fr. 3-9 |
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Term
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Definition
| - important monosaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
- dietary monosaccharides
- glucose, fructose, galactose |
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Term
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Definition
- form from 2 monosaccharides
- sucrose, lactose, maltose
- a covalent bond formed by dehydration synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| - long chains of simple sugars linked by dehydration |
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Term
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Definition
| - principal polysaccharide in the human body - stored in liver |
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Term
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Definition
- storage carbohydrate of plants
- main dietary polysaccharde - present in cereal grains |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Metabolic importance of Carbohydrates |
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Definition
- most abundant organic molecules on earth, and are therefore important for all living organisms
- cellular respiration - ATP production
- amino acid, triglyceride and glycogen synthesis
- structural components of many important molecules, such as RNA, DNA, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| - role in cell surface identity |
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Term
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Definition
| - important in the myelin sheaths surrounding nerve cells |
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Term
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Definition
| - form part of the extracellular matrix |
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Term
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Definition
- join two amino acids together
- always forms bet. the carbon of the COOH group and the N of the NH2 group |
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Term
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Definition
- proteins are digested in the stomach and small intestinal lumen
- active transport of amino acids into intestinal epithelial cell
- facilitated diffusion into capillaries |
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Term
| Transportation & storage of proteins |
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Definition
- amino acids are dissolved in plasma and transported to tissues
- can be taken up directly by most cells of the body, and is used to build proteins
*proteins are not stored in the body |
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Term
| Metabolic importance of proteins |
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Definition
- structural proteins (collagen, keratin)
- regulatory proteins (hormones eg. insulin)
- enzymes
- contractile proteins (actin & myosin)
- immunological role (antibodies)
- transport (hemoglobin)
- protective (clotting) |
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Term
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Definition
- universal in living things
- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
- carry genetic information - control the formation of proteins |
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Term
| Basic units of nucleic acids |
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Definition
- are nucleotides, composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate
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Term
| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
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Definition
| - an important energy-carrying molecule in the body |
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Term
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Definition
- the process of assimilates food for growth, energy, and replacement of tissues
- food type and food quantity are relevant |
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Term
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Definition
| - anyy chemical subs in food that can provide energy, build tissue and assist in bodily processes |
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Term
| Recommended daily allowance (RDA) |
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Definition
| - min. quantity of a recommended food item w/c should be ingested on a daily |
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Term
| 6 main types of nutrients |
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Definition
- water - needed in largest amount
- carbohydrates (cereals, vegetables, fruit)
- lipids (oils, butter, nuts)
- proteins (meat, fish, whole grains, dairy products)
- minerals (green vegetables and milk)
- vitamins (most plants and lean meat) |
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Term
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Definition
| - mineral required in relatively large quantities by the body |
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Term
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Definition
- vital, organic substances required inv ery small quantities
- fat soluble (A, D, E, and K)
- water soluble (B and C) |
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Term
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Definition
Macromolecules
- Polymers
- Isomers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| - all the monomer subunits are similar |
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Term
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Definition
| - have the same molecular formulas but diff. structures (glucose & galactose are both C6H12O6) |
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