Term
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Definition
| he science concerned with the internal secretions of the body and integration of these chemical secretions. |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical substance produced by an endocrine cell in response to a certian stimuli to cause an effect on a target cell which in turn causes a change or adjustment in various organ systems of the body. |
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Term
| What are some examples of Endocrine and Nervous System interactions? |
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Definition
both secrete into the bloodstream
hormones can act as NT and NT can act as hormones
one gene can become either a NT or Hormone |
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Term
| How is the immune and endocrine system associated? |
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Definition
cytokines are like hormones
endocrine cells can be cytokine targets and coordinate immune and endo responses |
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Term
| What type of signaling exerts it's effect over long distances? |
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Definition
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Term
| What signaling exerts it's effect by local diffusion to nearby cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does autocrine signaling work? |
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Definition
| effect changes the same cell that secreted it. |
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Term
| What is neurocrine signaling? |
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Definition
| hormone secreted by a neuron into the bloodstream |
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Term
| When someone says a "classical endocrine hormone" what type of signaling are they referring to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four ways to classify hormones according to structure? |
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Definition
Amines
Polypeptides or Proteins
Cholesterol
Fatty Acid Derivatives |
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Term
| What is the process of synthesis of a protien hormone? |
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Definition
1. pre-prohormone
2. cleaved into a prohormone formed in the intracellular ER
3.transported to Golgi Apparatus
4. stored in secretory granules
5. released by exocytosis |
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Term
| What types of hormones are released by exocytosis? |
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Definition
peptides
protiens
catecholamins |
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Term
| What hormones are transfered through the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| thyroid and steroid hormones |
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Term
| what are three major regulators of hormones? |
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Definition
feedback control
neural control
chornotropic control |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of negative feedback control? |
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Definition
a. hormone-hormone (somatostatin -insulin)
b. substrate-hormone (glucose - insulin)
c. mineral-hormone (calcium - PTH) |
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Term
| What are some examples of chronotropic control? |
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Definition
oscillating-pulse generator in SCN
pulsatile - ACTH
circadian rhythm - melatonin
diurnal - ACTH
sleep-wake cycle
seasonal rhythm (ACTH)
Developmental (melatonin) |
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Term
| What must occur for a hormone to manifest its action? |
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Definition
1. recognized by a receptor
2. bind to the receptor
3. employ a second messenger that will change the intracellular precess by altering internal protiens. |
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Term
| What are the two hormone receptor systems? |
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Definition
Plasma Membrane Receptor Systems
Intracellular Receptor Systems |
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Term
| What is the most common type of plasma membrane receptor? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 common second messengers? |
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Definition
1. adenylyl cyclase - cAMP
2. Ca - Calmodulin
3. Membrane Phospholipase -phospholipid system |
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Term
| What is the only 2*messenger system that doesn't need a G-protien? |
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Definition
1. Tyrosine Kinase system (including insulin)
2. cGMP - NO |
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Term
| What hormones use the adenylyl - cAMP system? |
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Definition
calcitonin
ACTH
Epinephrine
Glucagon
PTH
TSH
ADH |
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Term
| What hormones use the phospholipase - phospholipid messenger? |
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Definition
amplifies protien kinase C
AA and therefore PROSTAGLANDINS |
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Term
| where are the intracellular receptors normally found? |
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Definition
| on the nucleus of thyroid and steroid hormones |
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Term
| What is the function of Hormone-Regulatory Element (HRE)? |
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Definition
hormone + C-terminal of IC-receptor
receptor changes conformation
interacts with HRE
stimulates/inhibits transcription and synthesis of protein products |
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Term
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Definition
| defined as the concentration fohromoen that produces a half-maximal response. |
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Term
| What are the free plasma hormones? |
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Definition
| catecholamines and peptide/protien hormones |
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Term
| What are the protien bound hormones? |
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Definition
| steriod and thyroid hormones |
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Term
| what is the primary organ of metabolic degredation of hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the primary organ for EXCRETION of hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the immunoassays used to test hormone levels? |
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Definition
1. radioimmunoassay
2. ELISA
3. Fluorescence techniques
4. chemiluminescence |
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Term
| How are hormones measured? |
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Definition
1. rate of secretion
2. rate of production
3. urinary excretion
4. urine Hormone (corrects for renal misfunction)
5. Once point in time Plasma Concentrations of Hormone |
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Term
| What is the most used test? |
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Definition
| One point in time Plasma concentrations of hormones |
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