Father of Endrocrinology?

Who discovered the first hormone in 1902

Arnold Berthold - 1849

Starling and Bayliss - secretin

1. two cocks are castrated
2. one is left w/o any testes and the other has one testis replaced
3. the cock w/ no testes has more feminine features and has no aggression
4. the cock with one testis looks like a normal male and the one testis is enlarged to carry the load

• hormone that is the chemical expression of darkness and biological time keeping
• purpose is to allow an organism to tell when it is night or day.
• most prominent at night

• hypothalamus
• GRF (growth hormone releasing Factor)
• somatostatin (inhibits GH release)
• GnRH-stimulates pit. to release LH+FSH
• pituitary gland
• Growth hormone - targets liver
• LH and FSH
• Gonad
• testosterone or estrogen
• gametogenesis
• gonad growth
• Liver - produces IGF

• populations of an organism that is becoming all female
• caused by xenoestrogens which change the sex of the organism

• paracrine - a hormone produced by an organ that tells another organ what to do (very close).
• cytocrine - transfer of secretory material from one cell to another
• autocrine - hormone released that attaches to a receptor on its own cell membrane
• endocrine - travel through the bloodstream to affect distant organs.

• pheremones - intraspecific
• alellomones - interspecific

• allomone - emitter benefits only plants to ward of insects
• kairomones - receiver benefits only
• synomone - benefits both

• communicating via fluorescence

• secretory cell is stimulated
• secretes hormone
• hormone is circulated and finds a target cell receptor.
• target cell emitts a response

• endocrine system - hormones
• nervous system - neurocrines
• immune system- cytocrines

1. excretion
2. metabolic alteration, then either excreted or target cell
3. target cell to cause an effect

• amino acids and their derivatives
• peptide/proteins
• lipid and derivatives - Cholesterol and FA's

• NE, E, dopamine
• Melatonin

Glycoproteins

Short polypeptides - lots of hormones 

• steroid hormones - androgen, estrogen, progestins

• metabolized by target cells in the liver

• oxidation, reduction, or conjugation
• therefore they can't enter cells or bind to steroid binding proteins

• cP450 monooxygenuses
• CYP1-estrogens,pesticides,caffeine
• CYP2-steroids,pesticides
• CYP3-PAH's,steroids
• CYP4-Phthalales,PCB's (contaminants)

• eu - released from its usual place
• ec - released from a different place than its usual source

low levels of circulating hormone will?

high levels?

• low levels
• up-regulation of receptor #
• increase biological response
• high levels
• down-regulation of receptor #
• decrease biological response

phasic - hormone presented in phases or bursts

tonic - hormone present in consistent amounts constantly

ablation?

replacement?

transplant?

compensatory hypertrophy?

• destroying of individual cells/tissues
• organ/hormone replacement
• organ/gland transplant
• remove on teste and the other becomes larger to compensate for the loss of the other

• develop an antibody specific to a regulator
• assume that the antibody can't distinguish between hot (labeled)  and cold (unlabeled) regulator
• produce a standardized graph, then you can calculate the amount of antigen in the serum of an organism

• make a specific antibody for the antigen of interest
• make a secondary antibody that will attach to the primary antibody
• attach a fluorescent label to the secondary antibody
• used to detect presence or absence of antibody to quantify antigen

• pass a liquid through a column containing certain chemicals that will separate chemicals based on their affinity
• can use different detectors (UV, radiation, electromagnetic) to detect and quantify chemicals

linear binding relationship means?

logarithmic binding relationship means?

non-specific = non saturable

specific = saturable

• plate cells
• dose cells
• add luciferin
• luminescence read to determine hormone amount

Gene knock-outs?

Morpholinos (knock down)?

• gene is removed from embryo stem cells. no protein made at all.
• morph - doesn't allow translation of a certain mRNA sequence. still some protein made

• reverse transcriptase-Polymerase chain reaction
• isolate RNA, then use reverse transcriptase
• makes cDNA
• primers attach and it amplifies DNA

transcriptomics - 

proteomics - 

metabolomics?