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Endocrinolgy
Test 2
73
Biology
Graduate
10/12/2009

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What does a promoter do?
Definition
Controls gene expression. Can be ubiquitous (many tissues) or tissue specific.
Term
Bone resorption outpaces bone deposition and results in porous, weak bones is known as what?
Definition
osteoporosis
Term
Cells in parathyroid gland which secrete PTH
Definition
chief cells
Term
Cells which synthesize bone
Definition
osteoblasts
Term
Clovis is a jersey cow, she has blood calcium concentrations of 5 mg/dl. Which hormone involved in calcium regulation will be secreted to restore Clovis's calcium back to normal?
Definition
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Term
Describe what happens during early lactation to cause milk fever.
Definition
large quantities of milk being produced causes a sudden demand of Ca, depleting the supply.
Term
During the well-fed state, when energy is abundant, insulin is considered to be anabolic. List one action of insulin in adipose tissue and muscle during these times of energy abundance.
Definition

adipose - inhibits lipase to prevent fat degradation

 

muscle - promote glucose storage as glycogen

Term
Enzyme necessary for final activation step of Vit D
Definition
1-alpha-hydroxylase
Term
Enzyme necessary for first step of activation of vitamin D3
Definition
25-hydroxylase
Term
Enzyme necessary for production of the inactive form of Vit D
Definition
light
Term
Excess PTH due to lesion or tumor in parathyroid gland.
Definition
primary hyperparathyroidism
Term
Excessive PTH secretion as a result of kidney failure
Definition
renal secondary hyperparathyroidism
Term
Failure of bone mineralization in young animals
Definition
rickets
Term
GH exerts on all or almost all tissues in the body, with its general effect to cause growth. However, GH has major metabolic effects. What are these metabolic effects.
Definition
Increase protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism
Term
GI "candidate" hormone named for ability to stimulate gastric motor activity and functions mainly to increase GI motility is _________?
Definition
motilin
Term
GI hormone secreted in the small intestine (duodenum) in response to acidification of the duodenal mucosa by Hcl from the stomach is ________?
Definition
secretin
Term
GI hormone secreted in the small intestine and functions in gall bladder contraction, pancreatic enzyme secretion, inhibition of gastric emptying, and may also be a satiety hormone is ____________?
Definition
cholecystokinin
Term
GI hormone secreted in the small intestine and functions to increase glucose-mediated insulin release is _______ ________ _______?
Definition
gastric inhibitory peptide
Term
GI hormone secreted in the stomach and functions to stimulate Hcl from parietal cells is ________?
Definition
gastrin
Term
How many parathyriod glands does a pig have?
Definition
2
Term
Hypersecretion of GH in adulthood leads to which endocrine disorder?
Definition
acromegaly
Term
If Dr. W had given herself glucose IV rather than drinking the glucose, what would have been the effect on her insulin release from the pancreas and why?
Definition
Insulin release would be slower b/c humans respond to oral glucose faster. This is due to GIP increase glucose-mediated insulin release.
Term
If calcium levels rise to 15 mg/dl which hormone will be secreted to help bring levels back to normal?
Definition
calcitonin
Term
If you consumed some protein and fats along with a glucose drink, which pancreatic hormone would be secreted to prevent absorbed nutrients from being absorbed so quickly?
Definition
somatostatin
Term
In regulation of energy balance, what are the effects of leptin on hunger, food intake, energy expenditure, weight and body fat deposits?
Definition

Decrease hunger and food intake

Increase energy expenditure

Decrease body weight and fat deposits

Term

Indicate which hormone is produced by each pancreatic cell type

 

Alpha cell:

Beta cell:

D cell:

F cell:

Definition

Alpha cell: glucagon

Beta cell: insulin

D cell: somatostatin

F cell: pancreatic polypeptide

Term
Insulin required for anabolic effect of GH, so diabetic children fail to grow properly. What are the 2 main functions of insulin in growth?
Definition

promotes uptake of AA in muscle

 

glucose uptake

Term
Is Dr. Williams insulin resistant or insulin sensitive?
Definition
Insulin sensitive. Otherwise glucose levels would have continued to rise.
Term
Leptin is known to affect reproduction, and treatment with this hormone advances puberty in mice. What is the most likely mechanism of action of this hormone in regulating reproduction.
Definition
Leptin causes the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus. GnRH causes the release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituatary
Term
List functions of ghrelin.
Definition

1. stimulates gastric acid secretion

2. epithelial cells of stomach

Term
Major growth and promoting agent in human breast milk
Definition
epidermal growth factor
Term
May develop animals fed low calcium, high phosphorus diets.
Definition
nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
Term
Red blood cell production and function
Definition
erythropoietin
Term
To cause the effects on reproduction and energy balance leptin acts centrally by decreasing the production of _________ ____ in the arcuate nucleus.
Definition
neuropeptide y
Term

Vit D synthesis

 

In the second step, the inactive Vitamin D3 is transported to this organ?

Definition
liver
Term

Vit D synthesis

 

In this 2nd step, which is the first step of activation, name the metabolite produced?

Definition
25-hydroxycholecalciferol
Term

Vit D synthesis

 

What is the active form of vitamin D3?

Definition
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
Term

Vit D synthesis

 

Where does the final activation of Vit D3 occur?

Definition
kidney
Term

Vitamin D synthesis

 

In the first step _________ (precursor) is converted to ___________ (inactive vitamin D3). This reaction is catlyzed by ____________.

Definition

7-dehydrocholesterol

 

Pre-Vit d3

 

light

Term

Vitamin D synthesis

 

The first step which is synthesis, takes place where?

Definition
skin
Term
What are normal blood Ca levels?
Definition
9-11 mg/dl
Term
What are the three methods of milk feer prevention?
Definition

1. anion salts in prepartum diet

2. low Ca diet prior to calving

3. Vit D supplementation

Term
What cattle disorder is charecterized by hypocalcemia?
Definition
Milk fever
Term
What cells in the thyroid gland secrete calcitonin?
Definition
C cells or parafollicular cells
Term
What hormone is secreted by the pancreas after drinking a high energy drink  and glucose levels are increased?
Definition
insulin
Term
What hormone produced in the adipose tissue can cause whole body insulin resistance?
Definition
resistin
Term
What is a mature bone cell called?
Definition
osteocyte
Term
What is normal range for blood glucose?
Definition
80-120 mg/dl
Term
What is the difference between the cations and anions found in a ration?
Definition
net charge
Term

What is the effect of PTH at the following tissues to help with Ca regulation?

 

Bone

Kidney

Intestine

Definition

Bone - mobilize Ca from skeletal reserves into EC fluid

 

Kidney - enhanced renal absorption of Ca to decrease PO4

 

Intestine - promote Ca absorption

Term
What is the major site and function of active vitamin D3 in calcium regulation?
Definition
kidney, increase Ca binding
Term
What is the term for increase in cell number?
Definition
hyperplasia
Term
What is the term for increase in cell size?
Definition
hypertrophy
Term
What pancreatic hormone was produced to ensure Dr. Williams had plenty of glucose before the glucose test?
Definition
glucagon
Term
What physiologic effect does this hormone have in the liver to ensure that Dr. Williams has plenty of glucose during this time of high metabolic demand? (2 events)
Definition

gluconeogenesis

 

glycogenolysis

Term
When Parathyroid glands don't secrete sufficient PTH.
Definition
hypoparathyroidism
Term
Where is Ghrelin produced?
Definition
stomach
Term
Which cells destroy bone?
Definition
Osteoclasts
Term
Which cells in the epithelium of GI tract which secrete hormones?
Definition
ECL cells
Term
Which cells in the parathyriod gland with no known function?
Definition
oxyphil cells
Term
Which cells secrete GIP?
Definition
K cells
Term
Which cells secrete cholecystokinin?
Definition
I cells
Term
Which cells secrete gastrin?
Definition
G cells
Term
Which growth factor is involved in growth of sensory and motor neurons?
Definition
nerve growth factor
Term
Which growth factor is involved in lymphocyte differentiation?
Definition
thymosin fraction five
Term
Which growth factor is involved in skeletal growth?
Definition
Transforming growth-factor beta
Term
Which hormone is produced in the GI tract, decreases gastric secretions, and is also produced in the pancreas and hypothalumas?
Definition
somatostatin
Term
Which hormone produced in the adipose tissue is diminished in obese states and can enhance the use of fatty acids in lean tissue, inhibit glucose production by liver, and thus decrease both blood and glucose and body weight?
Definition
adiponectin
Term
Which other hormone in the body increases in response to ghrelin?
Definition
GH
Term
Which tissues do not require insulin for glucose transport into cells and receives glucose even when it is not abundant?
Definition
brain and neurons
Term
Which types of diabetes are not insulin dependant?
Definition
Type II and gestational
Term
Why is it so important to feed baby pigs in the 1st 24 to 36 hours of life?
Definition
Their gluconeogenic mechanismsare underdeveloped and must be stimulated by feeding.
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