Term
| Name the arteries and veins supplying the adrenal glands |
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Definition
Arteries from Aorta, renal artery, and inferior phrenic artery.
One central vein. |
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Term
| Hormones produced by the zona reticularis |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Steroid product of outer zone of fetal adrenal |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in adrenal androgen production starting in the 7-9 year range. Triggers a growth spurt and pubic hair growth. |
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Term
| When to the hormones cortisol and aldosterone begin to be secreted at adult levels? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What enzymes exclusive to the adrenal allow the synthesis of cortisol and aldosterone? |
|
Definition
11-Beta Hydroxylase- cortisol
aldosterone synthase- aldosterone |
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Term
| Which adrenal steroid is bound to a high affinity transport protein in the blood? |
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Definition
| Cortisol (CBG or Transcortin) |
|
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Term
| True or False: Changes in the level of cortisol binding globulin affect the concentration of free cortisol in the blood. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is CRH synthesized? |
|
Definition
| The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. |
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|
Term
| When do plasma cortisol levels peak? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The Zona Glomerulosa comprises how much of the adrenal cortex? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What zone of the adrenal cortex comprises 80% of its total volume? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the zona reticularis become fully developed? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the role of the DHEA secreted by the fetal zone of the adrenal? |
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Definition
| It is converted to estrogen by the placenta, and in turn becomes a major source of maternal estrogen. |
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Term
| How does the body primarily dispose of steroid hormones? |
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Definition
| They are inactivated in the liver and excreted in urine. |
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Term
| Where and how are androgens converted to estrogen in the periphery? |
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Definition
| Fat cells express P450 aromatase to accomplish this. As a result, circulating estrogen levels are correlated with body fat content. |
|
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Term
| Name the stressful stimuli that can increase cortisol levels |
|
Definition
Exercise
Cold Exposure
Fever
Hypotension
Trauma
Hypoglycemia |
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|
Term
| What intracellular signaling system mediates the increase in cortisol secretion stimulated by ACTH? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which steroid hormones have the highest affinity for the type 2 receptor? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What enzyme circulates in secondary, but not primary hyperaldosteronism? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the presenting symptoms of primary hyperaldosteronism? |
|
Definition
Hypokalemia
Hypertension
Metabolic Alkalosis
Consequences of Potassium Depletion
NO Edema due to "mineralocorticoid escape" |
|
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Term
| What are the two major subtypes of primary hyperaldosteronism? |
|
Definition
Aldosterone producing adenoma (APA)
Idiopathic hyperaldosteronism
There two subgroups comprise 95% of cases. |
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Term
| In what patients is biochemical evidence of a PHA plus imaging of an adrenal mass considered presumptive evidence of APA? |
|
Definition
| Patients younger than 40 years old. |
|
|
Term
| How is idiopathic hyperaldosteronism treated? |
|
Definition
| Spironolactone. This drug blocks mineralocorticoid receptors. It is also used on APAs that cannot be treated surgically. |
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|
Term
| What are the clinical manifestations of aldosterone deficiency/resistance? |
|
Definition
Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis
Hyperkalemia
Sodium loss |
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