Term
| Where is ADH and Oxytocin made specifically? Where are they then stored? |
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Definition
| ADH-made in suproptic nucleus within the hypothalamus. Oxytocin-paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus. Both are stored in the Posterior pituitary. |
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Term
| What affect would diabetes insipidus have on urine and blood volumes? What affect on specific gravity? |
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Definition
| Increase urine production and decrease blood volumes. It would also increase specific gravity |
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Term
| What produces releasing hormones? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where is the primary set of capillaries in relation to the endocrine system located? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where are the secondary set of capillaries located? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Thyroid stimulating hormone |
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Term
| What is an agonist for endorphin receptors? What is the normal function of endorphins? |
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Definition
| Morphine a derivative of opium. Body's natural pain killers and feelings of pleasure and euphoria. |
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Term
| What is the disease associated with not enough ADH? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is GH? STH? What's the difference? |
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Definition
| Growth Hormone. Somatotropic Hormone. Nothing. Same thing. |
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Term
| Describe the Growth Hormone Axis |
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Definition
| Hypothalamus-RH-Anterior Pituitary-GH-Liver-Somatomedin-targets |
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Term
| What does GH/STH increase? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What area in bone do you think responds to somatomedin? cells? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is hypersecretion of GH in youth? As an adult? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is hyposecretion of GH in youth? As an adult? |
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Definition
| Dwarfism. Simmonds Disease. |
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Term
| How does GH mobilize energy? |
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Definition
| Glucose from the liver abd fatty acids from Adipose cells. |
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Term
| What is the middle portion of the thyroid gland called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What microscopic spherical sacs make up most of the thyroid gland? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What hormones are produced from a thyroid follicle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormone is produces by parafollicular cells? What does this hormone promote? |
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Definition
| Thyrocalcitonin. Tones down the calcium levels in the blood by decreasing osteoclast activity (resorption) and decreasing the reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys. |
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Term
| Not enough thyroxine production in a child is called? In an adult? |
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Definition
| Cretinism. Hypothyroidism. |
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Term
| What are the two types of hyperthyroidism? What is the difference? |
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Definition
| Non-graves and Graves disease. Non-graves contains TSH within hormaonal axis whereas Graves diseases contain TSI in its hormonal axis. |
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Term
| What is within the thyroid follicle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which thyroxine has a greater affinity for a receptor? |
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Definition
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Term
| What other things does T4/T3 effect? |
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Definition
| Increases BMR, heat production, neural mentation, number of cardiac receptors to increase heart rate, normal action of GH/STH |
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Term
| What is the medical term for the physical excessive growth of the thyroid? What can cause this? |
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Definition
| Thyroid goiter. Both hyperthyroidism (too much T4 and T3) and Hypothyroidism (because the thyroid gets bigger to try and absorb more iodine)and cancer. |
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Term
| How might you calculate BMR? |
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Definition
| Measure how much Oxygen you use per minute at rest, by breathing into and out of instrument. |
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Term
| What other characteristics might a patient with chronic hypothyroidism have? |
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Definition
| Weight gain, lethargic, bags under eyes more excessive, slower heart rate, limited growth. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of a Non-Graves Hyperthyroidism patient? |
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Definition
| Too much of a signal to the follicle. Weight loss, hot body temp, rapid heart rate (tachycardia). Lowered CO. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of a Graves disease patient? What other molecule is involved in this disorder? |
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Definition
| Has TSI that acts as an agonsit to produce more T4 and T3. Weight loss, hot body temp, rapid heart rate (tachycardia). Lowered stroke volume, lowered CO. EPF-exophthalmos. |
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Term
| How would you treat a patient with a goiter caused by hypothyroidism due to not enough iodine? |
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Definition
| synthroid-synthetic thyroid hormone |
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Term
| How can you treat hyperthyroidism? |
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Definition
| I131-radioactive isotope with a halflife of 8 days. PTU which decreases the production of T4. |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of action for PTU? |
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Definition
| Inhibits peroxidase activity that add in the idodine resulting in decreased T4 production. |
|
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Term
| When is thyrocalciton released? |
|
Definition
| When calcium levels in the blood are too high? |
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Term
| What hormones increase the calcium levels in the blood? |
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Definition
| 1,25 D3, and Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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|
Term
| What is the half life of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the half life of 1,25 D3? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does 1,25 D3 synthesis require? Where does the final synthesis occur? When is it released? |
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Definition
| Sunlight. Kidney. When calcium levels are too low. |
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Term
| What is the major target for vitamin D3? What is its effect? What calcium transporter is produced to increase the uptake? |
|
Definition
| Small intestine. Facilitates intestinal absorption of minerals including calcium and phosphorus for bone growth. Calbindin. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of osteomalacia? |
|
Definition
| Bone bends too easily and the ratio of ca2+ per matrix is below normal. |
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|
Term
| What are the characteristics of osteomalacia? |
|
Definition
| Bone bends too easily and the ratio of ca2+ per matrix is below normal. |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of osteomalacia? |
|
Definition
| Bone bends too easily and the ratio of ca2+ per matrix is below normal. |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of osteomalacia? |
|
Definition
| Bone bends too easily and the ratio of ca2+ per matrix is below normal. |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of osteomalacia? |
|
Definition
| Bone bends too easily and the ratio of ca2+ per matrix is below normal. |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of osteomalacia? |
|
Definition
| Bone bends too easily and the ratio of ca2+ per matrix is below normal. |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of osteomalacia? |
|
Definition
| Bone bends too easily and the ratio of ca2+ per matrix is below normal. |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of osteomalacia? |
|
Definition
| Bone bends too easily and the ratio of ca2+ per matrix is below normal. |
|
|
Term
| What is osteoporosis? What is the effect of E2 on osteoclast activity? |
|
Definition
| Not enough bone tissue. It inhibits osteoclast activity. |
|
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Term
| What hormones are produced by the Islets of Langerhans and by which cells? |
|
Definition
| Beta cells-insulin. Alpha cells- glucagon. |
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Term
| What do the acini within the pancreas secrete? What type of gland is this? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What effect does Glucagon have on the liver, adipose cells, and the muscle? |
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Definition
| Turns on glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and gluconeogenesis. |
|
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Term
| What is the affects of insulin on blood glucose levels? |
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Definition
| Decreases them by promoting glycogenesis and accelerating facilitated diffusion of glucose into the cells, to speed the sythesis of fatty acids. |
|
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Term
| Wht is the difference between a down-regulated and an up-regulated cell? |
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Definition
| The insulin target cell that is up-regulated contains more receptors than a down-regulated cell. |
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|
Term
| Down-regulated cells are _____ responsive to insulin. This can evolve into a disorder in which it _______ glucose entrance into a cell. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major problem with Diabetes Mellitus type 1? What is another name for this disorder? |
|
Definition
| Body does not contain enough insulin. IDDM-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus |
|
|
Term
| What are some characteristics of Type 1 diabetes? |
|
Definition
| weight loss, atherclerosis, loss of vision. Severe kidney problems. |
|
|
Term
| Why does diabetes arise in a Type 2 patient? |
|
Definition
| It isn't that the patient doesn't have enough insulin, early onset at least, it's that target cells become less sensitive to it due to down-regulation of insulin receptors. |
|
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Term
| Which type of diabetes is more common? Which is usually accompanied by elevated glucagon secretion? An absolute deficiency of Insulin? Insulin deficiency that occurs later in life? |
|
Definition
| Type 2. Type 1. Type 1. Type 2. |
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Term
| What is an incretin? Is more insulin secreted in response to oral glucose or intra-veneous glucose? |
|
Definition
| Hormones that work to increase insulin secretion. Oral Glucose. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main incretin hormones? Where are these hormones secreted? |
|
Definition
| GIP and GLP-1. Endocrine cells in the epithelium of the small intestine. |
|
|
Term
| What is DPP-4? What medicine is a specific inhibitor for this and what would be the respone? |
|
Definition
| Protease that breaks down GIP and GLP-1. Januvia and it would raise incretin levels which would then carry more glucose to Beta cells increasing insulin production. |
|
|
Term
| What are the impaired ranges for Fasting plasma glucose levels and a 2 hr sample of OGTT? |
|
Definition
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