Term
| What is the endocrine system |
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Definition
system of ductless glands
secretes messengers molecules called hormones |
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Term
| endocrine systems interacts closely with: |
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Definition
Interacts closely with the nervous system
•Both work together to coordinate tissue/organ function |
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Term
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Definition
–Circulate throughout the body in blood vessels
–Influences only specific tissues – target cells
–A hormone can have different effects on different target cells |
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Term
| Endocrine Organs are located |
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Definition
| Scattered throughout the body |
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Term
| The Pure endocrine organs |
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Definition
| Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, and pineal |
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Term
| Organs containing endocrine cells |
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Definition
Pancreas, heart, thymus, gonads, and the hypothalamus
b)Others |
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Term
| Control of Hormones Secretion |
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Definition
| Always controlled by feedback loops |
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Term
| Blood concentration declines below a minimum |
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Definition
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Term
| –Blood concentration exceeds maximum |
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Definition
•Hormone production is halted
•Hormones feedback on endocrine cells and inhibit secretion |
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Term
The Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
Secretes |
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Definition
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Term
| --sized gland that hangs from --; sits in -- Attached to the-- by the -- |
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Definition
| Pea-sized gland that hangs from hypothalamus; sits in depression in sphenoid bone |
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Term
| The Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) has portions derived from |
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Definition
| both nervous tissue and epithelium from roof of mouth |
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Term
| Two basic divisions of the pituitary gland |
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Definition
| Adenohypophysis Neurohypophysis |
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Term
| Adenohypophysis is the -- part of the pituitary, secretes # hormones, and is subdivided into: |
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Definition
(anterior pituitary) – 7 hormones
•Subdivided into:
a)Pars distalis (anterior lobe)
b)Pars intermedia (between pars distalis and pars nervosa)
c)Pars tuberalis (wrapped around upper stalk) |
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Term
| Neurohypophysis is the -- part of the pituitary, secretes # hormones, and is subdivided into: |
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Definition
posterior
2
pars nervosa (posterior& largest)
infundibulum
Medium Eminence: cone shaped region on hypothalamus |
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Term
Pars distalis -- division of the adenohypophysis
Contains # of types endocrine cells
Secretes # hormones |
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Definition
the largest division of the adenohypophysis
5
7 |
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Term
| Seven hormones from pars distalis: |
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Definition
1)Growth hormone (GH)
2)Prolactin (PRL)
3)Thyroid stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates milk production in breast |
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Term
| Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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Definition
| Stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone |
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Term
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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Definition
| ACTH – stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol |
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Term
| Melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
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Definition
| stimulates pigment production; suntan |
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Term
| Follicle-stimulating hormone |
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Definition
| females: follicle development; males: stimulate Sertoli cells and cells of male reproductive tract |
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Term
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Definition
| females: follicle development, ovulation, formation of corpus luteum; males: testosterone secretion from Leydig cells |
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Term
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Definition
–Regulate the secretion of hormones by other endocrine glands
–TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Does the pituitary secrete tropic or non-tropic hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypothalamus controls secretion of hormones from |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the hypothalamus control hormone secretion? |
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Definition
–Secretes releasing factors to stimulate secretion of hormones
–Secretes inhibiting hormones to turn off secretion of hormones |
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Term
| Hypothalamic-pituitary portal system |
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Definition
| Two sets of capillaries – one in hypothalamus, another in pars distalis; hormones from hypothalamus travel to cells in pars distalis via hypophyseal portal veins |
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Term
| Pars intermedia of adenohypophysis |
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Definition
| Cells that also secrete MSH – increased pigmentation of skin |
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Term
| Pars Tuberalis adenohypophysis |
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Definition
–Thyroid stimulating hormone, gonadotropins
–Role in seasonal biorhythms
–More important in other mammals, but also humans
•“Spring Fever” |
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Term
| The Neurohypophysis Structurally part of the |
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Definition
| brain (neurosecretory cells) |
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Term
The Neurohypophysis
Cell bodies in;
axons in: |
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Definition
| Cell bodies in hypothalamus; axons descend into pars nervosa and release hormones |
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Term
| Neurohypophysis secretes : |
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Definition
Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin |
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Term
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Definition
ADH): supraoptic nucleus
–Water re-absorption in kidney |
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Term
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Definition
paraventricular nucleus; inferior to third ventricle
•Uterine contractions, milk ejection |
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Term
| wheres the thyroid gland? |
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Definition
| Located in the anterior neck; inferior to larynx |
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Term
| whats the largest pure endocrine gland? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| of follicles and loose (areolar) connective tissue |
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Term
| thyroid Produces two hormones: |
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Definition
Calcitonin
Thyroid hormone (TH) |
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Term
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Definition
| increases metabolism, increases heart rate, necessary for brain development and overall growth in children |
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Term
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Definition
| lowers blood calcium levels |
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Term
| Thyroid Hormone Deficiency in Children |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hollow spherical structures |
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Term
| Thyroid follicle walls epithelium: |
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Definition
| cuboidal epithelial cells |
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Term
| THyroid follicle center is filled with: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| protein called thyroglobulin + iodide atoms |
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Term
| Thyroid hormone (TH): derived from -- with # of -- |
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Definition
(amino acid; part of thyroglobulin)
with either 3 or 4 iodide atoms attached; only known function of iodide in body |
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Term
| Colloid stores large amounts |
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Definition
| of thyroglobulin and iodide = only hormone stored before use (enough for about 3 months) |
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Term
| Parafollicular (C) cells: |
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Definition
| secretes calcitonin; around thyroid follicles, but in contact with follicles |
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Term
| Thyroid Hormone Secretion |
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Definition
1)Thyroglobulin (from follicle cells) and iodide atoms (from blood) secreted into colloid
2)Tyrosine residues are iodinated
3)When stimulated by TSH, re-uptake of iodinated thyroglobulin into follicle cells by phagocytosis
4)Taken to lysosomes where enzymes break down thyroglobulin release thyroid hormone
5)Thyroid hormone diffuses out of follicle cell and into bloodstream |
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Term
The Parathyroid Glands Lie on the
# and size |
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Definition
posterior surface of the thyroid gland
4 small glands |
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Term
| The Parathyroid Glands Contain two types of endocrine cells |
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Definition
–Chief cells – produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)
•Increases blood concentration of Ca2+
–Oxyphil cells – function unknown |
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Term
| The Adrenal Glands Located on the: -- shape have a -- capsule |
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Definition
| superior surface of the kidneys; triangle shaped with fibrous capsule |
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Term
| The Adrenal Glands have Two endocrine glands in one: |
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Definition
Adrenal medulla
Adrenal cortex |
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Term
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Definition
nervous tissue
•Chromaffin cells – modified sympathetic, postganglionic neurons
•Secretes epinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
| bulk of the adrenal gland |
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Term
| Cortex is composed of three layers: |
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Definition
1)Zona glomerulosa – outermost layer of cortex
a)Cells are arranged into spheres
2)Zona fasciculata – middle layer of cortex
a)Cells are arranged into long, straight cords
3)Zona reticularis – innermost layer of cortex
a)Cells are arranged in an interconnecting network pattern |
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Term
| Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex Two main classes both are |
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Definition
both are steroid hormones, derived from cholesterol
1)Mineralocorticoids
2)Glucocorticoids: |
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Term
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Definition
increase sodium retention
a)Aldosterone is secreted by the zona glomerulosa |
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Term
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Definition
keep blood sugars elevated
a)Cortisol – secreted by zona fasciculata and zona reticularis
i.Helps the body deal with stressful situations |
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Term
| Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) |
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Definition
Also a glucocorticoids
i.Precursor to androgens and estrogens
ii.Small amounts of androgens and estrogens secreted by adrenal cortex of both males and females |
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Term
| Structure of Steroid-Secreting Cells (adrenal cortex and gonad endocrine cells) |
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Definition
Abundant smooth ER and no secretory granules
•Steroid hormones not stored in cells
–Mitochondria have unusual cristae – shaped like tubes
–Lipid droplets are abundant in cytoplasm; store cholesterol
•Cholesterol is the raw material of steroids |
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