Term
the exocrine glands pass secretions through _______ that empty outside the _________ or into the ________ or opening of other organs |
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Definition
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Term
hormones are responsible for important functions r/t |
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Definition
reproduction, fluid and electrolyte balance, host defenses, responses to stress and injury, energy metabolism, and growth and development |
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Term
the maintenance of physiologic stability despite the constant changes that occur in the environment |
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Definition
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Term
a hormone is a substance composed of |
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Definition
amines, peptides or steroids |
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Term
regulation of endocrine activity is controlled by mechanisms called |
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Definition
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Term
feedback mechanisms either ____________ hormone synthesis and secretions |
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Definition
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Term
feedback mechanisms are triggered by _______ of specific substances |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
in negative feedback high levels of a substance ______ hormone synthesis and secretion whereas low levels ______ hormone sythesis and secretion |
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Definition
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Term
in positive feedback, high levels of a substance _________ hormone synthesis and secretion whereas low levels ____ hormone synthesis and secretion |
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Definition
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Term
three basic secretion patterns of hormones |
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Definition
circadian or diurnal patter, pulsatile and cyclic patters, patterns that depend on levels of circulating substances |
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Term
the pituitary gland is also called the |
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Definition
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Term
the pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by the _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
the large lobe of the pituitary gland is the |
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Definition
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Term
the anterior lobe is also called the |
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Definition
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Term
the hormones of the pituitary |
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Definition
growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, melanocyte stimulating hormone |
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Term
stimulates the growth and development of bones, muscles and organs |
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Definition
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Term
GH stimulates the release of ______ , by the liver and other tissues |
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Definition
insulin like growth factor 1 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
growth hormone is also called |
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Definition
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Term
controls the growth, development, and function of the cortex of the adrenal glands |
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Definition
adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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Term
adrenocorticotropic hormone controls release of _______ necessary for secretion of _______ but does not control rate of aldosterone secretion |
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Definition
glucocorticoids and adrenal androgens, aldosterone |
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Term
controls the secretory activities of the thyroid gland |
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Definition
thyroid stimulating hormone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
follicle stimulating hormone stimulates the development of the _________ in the ovaries and _______ in the woman, stimulates ________ in men |
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Definition
egg, estrogen production, sperm production |
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Term
luteinizing hormones controls __________ and ________ or egg release in the woman, controls _______ and testosterone production in men |
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Definition
progesterone production, ovulation, testicular growth |
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Term
stimulates breast milk production in women |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
the smollar lobe of the pituitary is know as the |
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Definition
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Term
posterior pituitary is sometimes referred to as the |
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Definition
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Term
causes the reabsorption of water from the renal tubules of the kidney |
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Definition
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Term
causes contractions of the uterus in labor and the release of breast milk |
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Definition
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Term
the posterior pituitary produces |
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Definition
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Term
a pair of small, highly vascularized, triangular-shaped organs |
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Definition
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Term
the adrenal gland itself is composed of the outer portion called the ____ and the inner portion called the ____ |
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Definition
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Term
the adrenal medulla contains |
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Definition
sympathetic ganglia and secretory cells |
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Term
stimulation of the _______ causes the medulla to secrete two types of ______ |
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Definition
sympathetic nervous system, catecholamine |
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Term
the two types of catecholamines |
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Definition
norepinephrine, epinephrine |
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Term
catecholamine effects vary depending on the _______ in the cell membrane |
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Definition
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Term
the multiple adrenergic receptors |
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Definition
alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2 receptors |
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Term
norepinephrine binds to _____ receptors |
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Definition
alpha-adrenergic receptors |
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Term
epinephrine primarily effects _______ receptors |
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Definition
beta-adrenergic receptors |
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Term
the major function of catecholamines is |
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Definition
adaptation to stress, and maintenance of homeostasis |
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Term
the cortex is essential for maintenance of ________ physiologic activities |
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Definition
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Term
the cells of the cortex have three zones |
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Definition
zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis |
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Term
the hormones synthesized and secreted by the cortex are known as |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and androgens or estrogens |
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Term
the zona glomerulosa produces |
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Definition
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Term
the most abundant mineralocorticoid is |
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Definition
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Term
mineralocorticoids play a key role in maintaining an adequate |
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Definition
extracellular fluid volume |
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Term
renin is produced by the _________ cells of renal______ |
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Definition
juxtaglomerular cells, afferent arterioles |
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Term
Renin release is stimulated by, |
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Definition
decrease in extracellular fluid volume |
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Term
renin acts on plasma proteins to release _______ which is catalyzed in the _____ to ______ |
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Definition
angiotensis I, lung, angiotensin II |
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Term
Angiotensin II stimulates the secretion of ________, which results in ________ retention |
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Definition
aldosterone, sodium and water |
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Term
glucocorticoids are produced by the |
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Definition
zona reticularis and fasciculata |
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Term
the most abundant and potent of the glucocorticoids is |
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Definition
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Term
approximately 92% of circulating cortisol is bound to |
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Definition
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Term
free cortisol binds with receptors in the _________ of target cells |
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Definition
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Term
cortisol has a _______ on other physiologic processes |
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Definition
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Term
the functions of glucocorticoid functions include |
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Definition
control of carbs, lipid and fat metabolism, regulation of antiinflammatory and immune responses, and control of emotional states |
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Term
androgens are produced in the |
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Definition
zona fasciculata and reticularis |
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Term
the primary functions of androgens are |
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Definition
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Term
other sex hormones include |
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Definition
estrogen and progesterone |
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Term
in women estrogens are supplied by the |
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Definition
ovaries and adrenal glands |
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Term
in postmenopausal women the _______ is the primary source of _______ estrogen |
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Definition
adrenal, cortex, endogenous |
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Term
the thyroid gland is located in the |
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Definition
lower portion of the anterior neck |
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Term
the loves of the thyroid gland are connected in front of the trachea by a narrow bridge of tissue called the |
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Definition
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Term
the thyroid gland plays a major role in regulating the body's |
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Definition
rate of metabolism and growth and development |
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Term
when the metabolic rate falls, the ______ simulates the _______ gland to secrete ______- |
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Definition
hypothalamus, pituitary, TSH |
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Term
hormones produced by the thyroid gland |
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Definition
thyroid hormone, triiodothyronine, calcitonin |
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Term
thyroid hormone is also called |
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Definition
thyroxin, tetraiodothyronine, T4 |
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Term
triiodothyronine is referred to as |
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Definition
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Term
Both T4 and T3 increase the |
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Definition
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Term
calcitonin or thyrocalcitonin plays a role in regulating |
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Definition
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Term
thyrocalcitonin is secreted when serum calcium levels are _____ limiting the shift of calcium from the _______ into the blood |
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Definition
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Term
the parathyroids function |
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Definition
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Term
the parathyroids secrete only ___ hormone which is _____ |
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Definition
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Term
parathormone plays a critical role in regulating _____ |
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Definition
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Term
PTH increase the absorption of calcium from the _______ transfers calcium from the bones to the ________, and signals the kidneys to _____ calcium |
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Definition
intestines, blood, conserve |
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Term
In general, calcium retention by the kidneys is balanced by |
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Definition
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Term
In healthy older adults, endocrine functio usally remains |
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Definition
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Term
changes in older adult when homeostasis is altered by illness |
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Definition
diminished, response to ADH, decline in GH and IGF-1, decline in cortisol secretion, hypothyroidism |
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Term
Decline in GH and IGF-1 results in |
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Definition
reduced protein synthesis, decreased lean body and bone mass, and reduced immune function |
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Term
Decline in cortisol secretion is usually balanced by |
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Definition
decreased cortisol metabolism |
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Term
Decline in secretion of aldosterone and plasma renin activity decreases |
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Definition
the efficiency of sodium conservation and adaptation to position changes |
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Term
Because hormones affect all body tissues, pt with endocrine disorder often report vague symptoms such as |
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Definition
fatigue, headach, or weight changes |
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Term
An exploration for the patient's concerns may reveal more specific data such as changes in |
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Definition
energy level, weight, height, appearance, skin color, sleep patter, sexual function, urinary function |
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Term
These symptoms my also be noted in present health assessment |
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Definition
GI disturbances, problems with vision, mental/emotional changes, musculoskeletal symptoms |
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Term
A history of _________ should be documented |
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Definition
DM, brain tumors, head trauma, CNS infection, vascular disorder, renal calculi, chronic renal failure, tuberculosis, hypothyroidism as well as disease of the pancreas, liver or bone |
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Term
in a functional assessment, determine whether the patient has had |
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Definition
sleep disturbances or changes in appetite |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
a spasm of the facial muscl when the face is tapped over the facial nerve |
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Definition
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Term
carpopedal spasm that occurs when a BP cuff is inflated above the patients systolic BP and left in place for 2-3 min |
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Definition
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Term
These radiographic studies may be used to detect structural abnormalities |
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Definition
conventional radiographs, computed tomography, MRI |
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Term
Radiographic studies are used to detect anomalies of the |
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Definition
pituitary, adrenals, thyroid, parathyroid glands and the pancreas |
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Term
Angiography may reveal the presence of _____ anomalies associated with ______ disorders |
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Definition
vascular, pituitary or adrenal |
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Term
radiopaque dye is injected into the arteries |
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Definition
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Term
ultrasound is useful in assessing |
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Definition
adrenal, thyroid and parathyroid conditions |
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Term
for a thyroid scan pt ingests _____ |
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Definition
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Term
Thyroid scan imagining aids in diagnosing cancer because the patterns of iodine concentration in |
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Definition
normal and malignant tissue are different |
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Term
radioimmunoassay and ELISA are tests that measure levels of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay |
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Term
Hormone reserve activity can also be measured using a number of ________ |
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Definition
suppression or stimulation tests |
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Term
The response of stimulation tests helps the physician to determine whether the _______ or the _______ regulatory mechanism is responsible for abnormal hormone levels |
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Definition
target gland, hypothalamic pituitary |
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Term
A GH suppression test may be done by measuring, ________ levels before and after a dose of ______ |
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Definition
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Term
In a GH suppression test the glucose will suppress GH levels through |
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Definition
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Term
In normal pt a GH suppression test will cause GH levels to fall less than |
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Definition
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Term
a 6 hour water deprivation test is done to determine the cause of |
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Definition
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Term
In a 6 hour water deprivation test, _____ is administered and ______ are taken at intervals |
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Definition
ADH, urine and blood samples |
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Term
the most useful tests of thyroid function are measurements of serum |
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Definition
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Term
The thyroid gland uses ______ to manufacture hormones |
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Definition
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Term
the amount of iodine taken up by the thyroid is measured to assess the activity level of the gland |
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Definition
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