• production of ADH
• oxytocin
• regulatory hormones

• Adenohypophysis
• anterior lobe: ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, and MSH
• Neurohypophysis
• posterior lobe: release of oxytocin and ADH

• thyroxine (T₄)
• Triiodothryonine (T₃)
• Calcitonin (CT)

Thymus

(undergoes atrophy during childhood)

Adrenal Glands 

Suprarenal medulla

Epinephrine (E)

Norepinephrine (NE)

Adrenal Glands

Suprarenal cortex

• cortisol
• corticosterone
• aldosterone
• androgens 

Gonads

Testes (male)

androgenes (especially testosterone)

inhibin

Gonads

Ovaries (Female)

estrogens

progestins

inhibin

insulin

glucagon

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Calcitriol

Renin

Parathyroid Glands

(on posterior surface of the thyroid gland)

catecholamines 

polypeptides (insulin)

proteins (GH)

glycoproteins (LH)

• freely dissolved in the circulation
• stored in secretory vesicles 
• secretion stimulated by stimulating exocytosis
• signaling via cell surface receptors

Description: signaling via intracellular receptors that act as transcription factors

Which chemical classes of hormones? 

What kind of non-polar hormone? 

derived from chlosterol 

located in adrenal cortex and gonads

cortisol

aldosterone

testosterone 

estradiol

Which hormone? 

derived from tyrosine

Which hormone? 

decreases urine volume 

raises volune pressure 

located in Posterior Pituitary

Which hormone? 

labor and milk production

• acts on kidney to promote the retention of water 
• less water is excreted from the urine 
• vasopressin: causes constriction of blood vessels 

What controls the secretion of hormones in the posterior pituitary?

growth hormone (GH)

somatotropin

anterior pituitary

bones, tissues 

Which hormone? 

Where? 

Target what organs? 

stimulate protein synthesis and promote tissue and organ growth

indirects: stimulate the liver to produce somatomedins

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

(TSH or thyrotropin )

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

(ACTH or corticotropin)

anterior pituitary

Which hormone? 
Where is it located?  

stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete its steroid hormones (the corticosteroids), notably cortisol (hydrocortisone)

follicle-stimulating hormone 

(FSH or folliculotropin)

anterior pituitary 

Which hormone? 

Where? 

stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in women and the production of sperm in the testes of men 

luteinizing hormone 

(LH or luteotropin)

anterior pituitary

Which? 

Where? 

stimulates ovulation and the formulation of a corpus luteum in the ovaries 

luteinizing hormone 

(LH or luteotropin)

anterior pituitary

stimulates the interstitial Leydig cells of the testes to secrete testosterone 

(interstitial cell-stimulating hormone ISCH)

gonadotropic hormones 

(gonadotropins)

What is the term that LH and FSH collectively known? 

Prolactin 

anterior pituitary gland 

stimulates milk production by mammary glands after a baby is born

gonadotropin-releasing hormone 

GnRH

stimulate the anterior pituitary to secrete growth hormone (GH). 

adrenal gland:

adrenal medulla (outer part)

adrenal cortex (inner part)

epinephrine

nonepinephrine

regulate metabolism in such a way as to raise the blood glucose concentration

occurs partly because of the breakdown of liver glycogen, but is mainly due to the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules (such as amino acids) into glucose

promote catabolism (breakdown) of proteins, increasing blood levels of amino acids

cortisol 

(hydrocortisone)

regulate minearls, or electrolyte (ion), concentrations in the blood, particulary of Na⁺ and K⁺ 

affect mineral levels (increase Na⁺ and decreases K⁺) in the blood 

-holds Na⁺ in the kidney and secretes K⁺ in the urine

involved in glucose metabolism

breakdown of proteins

decreases the production of B-cell antibodies

decreases bone formation (inhibits osteoblasts)

In response to stress

Higher brain areas can "drive" the secretion of CRH, and thus ACTH, and thereby increases the secretion of cortisol. This is in response to stress. 

thyroxine (T₄)

triiodothyronine (T₃)

The target cell converts thyroxine into T₃ that actually binds to the nuclear receptor.

DIT + DIT

diiodotyrosine

MIT + DIT

monoiodotyrosine (MIT)

diiodotyrosine (DIT)

A goiter is caused by stimulation of the thyroid by "autoantibodies" - antibody protiens that bind to moelcules that are a normal part of a person's own body.

This is an autoimmunate disease. 

• immunological role
• thymosin, thymic humoral factor (THF), thymic factor (TF), thymopoietin
• promote the proliferation and maturation of T-cells (lymphocytes)
• may slow down the aging process 

• gastrin
• GIP
• cholecystokinin
• secretin

IGF-I (somatomedin) 

vasodilation

aldosterone inhibition