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endocrine system
endocrine system
145
Medical
Undergraduate 1
05/06/2009

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Term
endo-
Definition
means in or within
Term
crine and crin/o
Definition
mean to secrete
Term
endocrinology
Definition
study of the endocrine glands is called
Term
aden/o)
Definition
glands
Term
hormone
Definition
is a complex chemical substance that is produced in one part or organ of the body that has a special regulatory effect
Term
pituitary
Definition
(pituitar/o
Term
pineal gland
Definition
A conical structure in the brain, located between the superior colliculi, the pulvinar, and the splenicum of the corpus callosum, whose exact function is not known. Also called pineal body.
Term
thyroid
Definition
(thyr/o, thyroid/o
Term
parathyroid
Definition
parathyroid/o
Term
thymus
Definition
A single gland located in the mediastinum, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower border of the thyroid gland and inferiorly as far as the fourth rib cartilage. The thymus is the primary central gland of the lymphatic system.
Term
adrenal glands
Definition
(adren/o, adrenal/o
Term
pancreas
Definition
(pancreat/o
Term
exocrine
Definition
glands deliver their secretions through a duct ex: sweat glands
Term
exo
Definition
out, away
Term
steroid
Definition
lipid cholesterol hormone
Term
target organ
Definition
tissues the hormone affects
Term
receptor
Definition
hormone must fit to this to cause an action
Term
protein hormones
Definition
bine on the plasma membrane
Term
steroid hormones
Definition
pass into cell
Term
erythropoietin
Definition
, a substance secreted from kidneys—stimulates the production of red blood cells.
Term
pituitary gland
Definition
(pituitar/o) aka hypophysis cerebri
Term
adenohypophysis
Definition
anterior lobe of pituitary gland
Term
neurohypophysis.
Definition
posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
target organ is pituitary gland,produces hormones that are transported to the posterior pituitary lobe, where they can be stored until needed
Term
tropin
Definition
stimulating effect of a hormone or other substance on a target organ or system
Term
somatotropin
Definition
growth hormoneaffects the growth of the skeletal muscles and the long bones of the body. GH also promotes the synthesis of proteins, performs cell repair, and helps to maintain blood glucose levels secreted by anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
Term
Prolactin (PRL), also called lactogenic hormone
Definition
secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland PRL stimulates the growth and development of the mammary glands. It also causes each mammary gland in the breasts to produce milk after childbirth
Term
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Definition
is a substance secreted by the anterior pituitary lobe that controls the release of thyroid hormone and stimulates the growth and function of the thyroid gland
Term
adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
Definition
ACTH stimulates the growth of the adrenal cortex and causes it to secrete three steroid hormones, including cortisol
Term
gonadotropic hormones
Definition
secreted by anterior pituitary gland two are follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)and luteinizing hormone (LH).
Term
luteinizing hormone (LH).
Definition
LH causes the secretion of sex hormones—estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone—in men and women, and stimulates the process of ovulation
Term
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Definition
which stimulates the growth of the ova, or eggs, in the female and sperm in the male.
Term
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Definition
is also secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. MSH affects the skin's pigment-producing cells
Term
neurohypophysis,
Definition
posterior lobe of pituitary gland is stimulated by nerve impulses from the hypothalamus to release the hormones stored there secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
Term
Antidiuretic hormone
Definition
decreases the production of urine by increasing the reabsorption of water by the renal tubules. Insufficient secretion of ADH can increase the production of urine.
Term
Synthetic ADH, also called vasopressin,
Definition
is used in the treatment of diabetes insipidus (caused by decreased ADH levels)
Term
Oxytocin
Definition
serves an important function in women during the process of labor and delivery—it stimulates the smooth muscles of the uterus to contract. Oxytocin is also responsible for the release, or letdown, of milk from the mammary glands in response to an infant's suckling
Term
pineal gland
Definition
is a cone-shaped structure. We don't understand all the functions of this gland, but it appears to receive information about the amount of daylight, transmitted by nervous system signals via a branch of the optic tract. The pineal gland responds to this information by producing the hormone melatonin
Term
Melatonin
Definition
is the only hormone that is secreted into the bloodstream by the pineal gland. It is believed to act on specific receptors to influence the body's biologic clock by regulating such functions as the sleep/wake cycle
Term
thyroid gland (thyroid/o, thyr/o)
Definition
is the largest endocrine gland in the body
Term
isthmus
Definition
narrow strip of tissue called the ..that connects right and left thyroid lobe
Term
thyroid secretes
Definition
triiodothyronine, or T3, and tetraiodothyronine, which is also called thyroxine, or T4.synthesized from iodine
Term
parathyroid glands (parathyroid/o)
Definition
are tiny structures attached to the posterior wall of the thyroid gland. There are usually four of them and they secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) or parathormone. PTH
Term
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Definition
parathormone. PTH has three target tissues—bone, kidneys, and the digestive tract, and its function is to maintain a constant calcium,PTH stimulates the release of calcium from bone tissue, causes the kidneys to reabsorb calcium from the urine, and—with Vitamin D—increases the absorption of calcium from the digestive tract
Term
calcium
Definition
(Ca) (calc/i, calci/o)
Term
thymus
Definition
secretes thymosin that stimulates the development of the immune system and the production of lymphocytes. The thymus is relatively much larger in children than in adults
Term
adrenal glands (adren/o, adrenal/o), or suprarenal glands
Definition
outer portion, called the adrenal cortex, and an inner part, the adrenal medulla,secretes three types of steroid hormones, each of which is classified as a corticosteroid
Term
adrenal cortex,
Definition
outer portion of adrenal glands
Term
adrenal medulla
Definition
inner part of adrenal glands
Term
Aldosterone
Definition
targets the kidney to increase the amount of sodium and decrease potassium, released by adrenal cortex
Term
Mineralocorticoids
Definition
regulate the amount of mineral salts in the blood. ex aldostrone
Term
sodium
Definition
(Na) (natr/o)
Term
potassium
Definition
(K) (kal/i)
Term
glucocorticoid
Definition
is a hormone secreted from cells in the middle layer of the adrenal cortex. These hormones help maintain normal blood glucose levels and normal blood pressure
Term
cortisol, hydrocortisone
Definition
a glucocorticoid,anti-inflammatory effects, cortisol is secreted in greater amounts during times of physiologic stressprepared synthetically and are prescribed for inflammation
Term
adrenal medulla
Definition
secretes two important nonsteroidal hormones: epinephrine, also called adrenaline, and norepinephrine, also called noradrenaline, help the body respond to stress by elevating blood pressure, increasing the heart rate, dilating the bronchial passages, increasing the respiratory rate, and making more glucose available to the cells.
Term
epinephrine,
Definition
also called adrenaline,
Term
norepinephrine,
Definition
also called noradrenaline.
Term
Gonadocorticoids
Definition
are responsible for the manifestation of secondary sex characteristics and are required for reproduction
Term
pancreas (pancreat/o)
Definition
is a long gland that stretches across the posterior wall of the upper abdomen. It is composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissue. As an exocrine gland, the pancreas aids in the digestion of food.
Term
islets of Langerhans
Definition
are clusters of cells, scattered throughout the pancreas, that form the endocrine portion of the gland, alpha cells, which secrete the hormone glucagon, and beta cells, which produce insulin
Term
Insulin
Definition
lowers blood glucose levels by transporting glucose from the blood into the cells and by stimulating the cells to burn glucose for energy. It also promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage in the liver
Term
Glucagon
Definition
antagonizes, or opposes, the effect of insulin. When blood sugar levels are low, glucagon stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose. It also triggers the transformation of fatty acids and amino acids into glucose.
Term
pituitarism
Definition
abnormality of the pituitary is termed
Term
Hyperpituitarism
Definition
is hyperactivity of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, resulting in excessive secretion of pituitary hormone. This often leads to conditions such as acromegaly and Cushing syndrom
Term
gigantism
Definition
Hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood, before puberty, results in
Term
Acromegaly
Definition
If hypersecretion occurs during adulthood, after the epiphyseal discs of the long bones have been sealed. it is a chronic metabolic disorder that involves the gradual enlargement of the bones of the face, jaw, and extremities
Term
Acr/o
Definition
means extremity or extreme point
Term
dwarfism
Definition
Hyposecretion of growth hormone produces pituitary With this condition, the body is properly proportioned, but growth is stunted; height typically does not exceed 4 feet, is treated by administering growth hormone.
Term
radioimmunoassay studies (RIA)
Definition
radiographic examination of the bones and tests such as radioimmunoassay studies (RIA) to diagnose pituitary dwarfism
Term
Hypopituitarism
Definition
describes deficient pituitary gland activity, characterized by decreased secretion of one or more of the pituitary hormones
Term
panhypopituitarism
Definition
, which is a total (pan-) deficiency of pituitary activity, characterized by decreased secretion of all the pituitary hormones
Term
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
Definition
is a condition that is caused by excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. This leads to an abnormal retention of water. weight gain, vomiting, nausea, muscle weakness, and irritability. SIADH may develop secondary to tumors, infectious diseases, pathologic reactions to drugs, or trauma. Treatment commonly involves restriction of water intak
Term
syndrome
Definition
refers simply to a set of symptoms that occur together
Term
diabetes insipidus (DI)
Definition
Hyposecretion of ADH results in a condition known as DI Causes of DI include brain tumors, central nervous system infections and diseases, and closed head trauma. Excessive thirst, polydipsia
Term
polyuria
Definition
usu caused by Insufficient levels of ADH cause the kidney to fail to reabsorb needed salts and water. A symptom of this condition is the excretion of large quantities of urine (
Term
polydipsia
Definition
Excessive thirst
Term
euthyroid
Definition
indicates a normally functioning thyroid
Term
adenomegaly
Definition
Enlargement of a gland is called adenomegaly
Term
goiter
Definition
enlargement of the thyroid is known as a-- esults from the collection of colloid, a jelly-like substance, within the gland. Another kind of goiter, nodular or adenomatous goiter, may occur in the presence of hyperthyroidism
Term
exophthalmos,
Definition
abnormal protrusion of the eyeballs, increased deposits of fat in the tissues at the back of the eye socket
Term
Graves disease
Definition
most common form of hyperthyroidism is --. exophthalmos, is a common symptom
Term
thyrotoxicosis
Definition
severe form of hyperthyroidism results in a poisoning called
Term
Cretinism
Definition
is a congenital condition associated with severe hypothyroidism. Characteristics of this disorder include dwarfism, puffy features, large tongue, and mental retardation. Early treatment with thyroid hormone may promote normal physical growth but may not be able to reverse the intellectual deficits
Term
Myxedema
Definition
is the severest form of hypothyroidism. Persons with this disorder experience swelling of the hands, face, and feet because of the accumulation of a mucus-like substance under the skin, can be successfully treated with administration of thyroid hormone. Untreated, the condition can lead to coma and death.
Term
thyroid carcinoma
Definition
rare, slow to develop, malignant or benign
Term
Hyperparathyroidism
Definition
with its resulting high levels of circulating PTH, leads to an excessive amount of calcium in the bloodstream, called hypercalcemia.osteitis fibrosa cystica and kidney cysts can occur
Term
hypercalcemia
Definition
excessive calcium in the bloodstream,
Term
osteitis fibrosa cystica
Definition
fragile bones
Term
adenoma of one of the parathyroid glands, called parathyroidoma.
Definition
adenoma of one of the parathyroid glands, treatment with excision of tumor
Term
hypocalcemia, aka calcipenia
Definition
deficient levels of calcium in the blood
Term
tetany
Definition
Acute decreases in the levels of serum calcium cause the disorder known as tetany. Signs of tetany include tingling of the lips and fingertips, as well as cramps, convulsions, twitching of the muscles, and sharp flexion of the wrist and ankle joints.
Term
adrenalopathy
Definition
Any disease of the adrenal glands. Also called adrenalopathy.
Term
adenopathy
Definition
abnormal condition of any gland, which is referred to as adenopathy
Term
cortical
Definition
Pertaining to or resembling a cortex.
Term
cortical disorder
Definition
pertains specifically to the cortex of the adrenal gland, it is a cortical disorder
Term
adrenocorticohyperplasia
Definition
excessive development of the adrenal cortex is called adrenocorticohyperplasia
Term
adrenalitis
Definition
Any inflammation of the adrenal gland is called adrenalitis
Term
adrenomegaly
Definition
Enlargement of one or both of the adrenal glands is referred to as adrenomegaly
Term
hyperkalemia
Definition
If excessive potassium (kal/i) is allowed into the bloodstream, the result is a condition called hyperkalemia
Term
hyponatremia.
Definition
deficient level of sodium (natr/o) in the blood is called hyponatremia.
Term
adrenal virilism
Definition
This disorder involves the expression, in women, of male secondary sexual characteristics, including deepening of the voice and abnormal hair growth on the face and body (hirsutism). Typically, the hypersecretion of androgens that results in adrenal virilism is caused by a tumor of the adrenal gland
Term
hirsutism
Definition
deepening of the voice and abnormal hair growth on the face and body
Term
Cushing syndrome
Definition
Cushing syndrome may also be caused by the use of glucocorticoids to treat conditions such as arthritis and lupus.reduction of the amount of cortisol secretion, either pharmacologically or surgically
Term
Addison disease
Definition
In this disorder, which is potentially life-threatening, all three categories of adrenal steroids—mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens—are deficient.Symptoms of the disorder include weakness, fatigue, bronzed pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes caused by increased levels of MSH, and anorexia.
Term
Pheochromocytoma
Definition
most common disorder of the adrenal medulla. It is a benign vascular tumor that causes hypersecretion of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine. Signs of this disorder include severe headache, palpitations, sweating, nervousness, nausea, vomiting, and persistent or intermittent hypertension
Term
insulin
Definition
lowers normal blood glucose level
Term
euglycemia),
Definition
normal blood glucose level (
Term
hypoglycemia
Definition
low blood sugar,Shakiness, sweating, headache, weakness, and loss of consciousness are among the symptoms may be caused by an insulin-secreting tumor in the islets of Langerhans or by exceeding a prescribed dose of the hormone. The condition is reversed by administering glucose.
Term
hyperinsulinism
Definition
elevation in the amount of insulin,
Term
diabetes mellitus (DM)
Definition
deficient carbohydrate metabolism, is called diabetes mellitus (DM), and is characterized by elevated blood sugar. Uncontrolled, DM can cause chronic renal disease, retinopathy, and neuropathy.
Term
Type 1 diabetes, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM
Definition
Type 1 diabetes, little or no insulin is produced because the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans that secrete the hormone have been decreased in number by an abnormal autoimmune process. This type of the disorder is also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Type 1 diabetes mellitus usually has its onset during childhood.
Term
Type 2 diabetes/non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
Definition
accounts for 90% of the cases of diabetes mellitus and is most frequently seen in adults 35 years of age and older. More than 70% of individuals in whom Type 2 diabetes develops are obese. unresponsiveness or resistance to insulin, causes of which include hormone receptor defects or too few receptors on the surface of target cell membranes. As a consequence, the insulin that is produced is not effective.
Term
Gestational diabetes
Definition
sometimes develops during pregnancy because of overall hormonal changes at that time. Typically, this condition resolves after childbirth but, in a number of cases, recurs years later as Type 2 diabetes
Term
diabetic ketoacidosis.
Definition
build up of keratoacids from unregulated diabetes. Signs of ketoacidosis include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and a fruity odor of the breath
Term
acidosis
Definition
the abnormal accumulation of acid products, the condition is referred to as
Term
ketosis
Definition
abnormal concentration of ketone bodies, resulting from excessive fat metabolism, the condition is referred to as
Term
hyperglycemia
Definition
circulatory complications, ranging from atherosclerosis, heart attack, and stroke and diabetic gangrene, kidney disease, diabetic neuropathy
Term
diabetic gangrene
Definition
impaired blood supply to the extremities
Term
diabetic neuropathy
Definition
destruction of nerves in the extremities, a condition known as
Term
diabetic retinopathy
Definition
, resulting in visual loss and blindness. Diabetics are also more likely to develop cataracts and glaucoma than other people.
Term
urine glucose
Definition
measure the presence of glucose and insulin,
Term
urine ketones tests
Definition
measure the presence of glucose and insulin
Term
fasting blood sugar (FBS)
Definition
measures the body's ability to break down and utilize glucose
Term
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
Definition
measures the body's response to a concentrated glucose solution. GTT is routinely used to diagnose gestational diabetes.
Term
glycosylated hemoglobin test, also called hemoglobin A1C
Definition
, is a blood test that measures the average blood sugar concentration over the life span of the red blood cell patient's average blood sugar level for the six to eight weeks prior to the test, making it a useful tool for monitoring the effectiveness of diabetes treatment
Term
computed tomography (CT)and radiography
Definition
may be used to test bone density deficiencies related to hypoparathyroidism. CT scans also help visualize the size of the adrenal glands in cases of Addison disease
Term
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Definition
can show changes in the size of soft tissues.
Term
radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU)
Definition
test measures the ability of the thyroid gland to concentrate and retain iodine. For this nuclear medicine test, the patient orally ingests radioactive iodine and its uptake into the thyroid gland is assessed. In hyperthyroidism, absorption of iodine is increased.
Term
thyroid scan
Definition
is another nuclear medicine test that shows the size, shape, and function of the thyroid gland. It can also detect tumors and nodules. An image is recorded as the scanner is passed over the neck area after the patient is given a radioactive substance
Term
Ultrasonography (US)
Definition
visualizes the pancreas and also may be used to guide biopsies of the thyroid gland
Term
General hormone tests
Definition
measure the amount of ADH, cortisol, growth hormone (GH), or parathyroid hormone in the blood
Term
Radioimmunoassay studies (RIA)
Definition
tag and detect hormones in the blood.
Term
thyroid function test (TFT)
Definition
, which assesses TSH, T3, T4, and calcitonin levels
Term
total calcium test
Definition
measures the amount of calcium in the blood, particularly relevant in evaluating parathyroid function
Term
Exophthalmometry
Definition
is a diagnostic technique that measures the forward displacement of the eyes in Graves disease
Term
hot
Definition
Nodules that are shown by the scan to absorb the radioactive iodine are called hot and are usually benign
Term
cold
Definition
Tumors that don't take up the iodine appear cold on the scan and are more likely to be malignant
Term
thyroidotomy
Definition
Surgical incision into the thyroid gland is called a
Term
thyroidectomy,
Definition
which is excision, or removal, of the thyroid
Term
radioactive iodine therapy
Definition
following surgical removal of tumors to destroy any remaining cancerous cells
Term
parathyroidectomy
Definition
In the case of parathyroidoma, the tumor is treated by excision of the tumor. If removal or excision of the gland is required, the procedure is called a
Term
thyroparathyroidectomy
Definition
Excision of both the thyroid and parathyroid glands is called
Term
Hypoparathyroidism
Definition
is treated with administration of calcium and of vitamin D to help the absorption of calcium
Term
adrenalectomy
Definition
Excess secretion of the androgens is managed by suppressing hormone overproduction with medication or by surgically removing the adrenal gland, a procedure called
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