Term
| second messenger system of body |
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Definition
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Term
| endocrine systems uses __________ that are released into blood |
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Definition
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chemical messages (hormones)
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Term
| hormones control 5 major processes |
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Definition
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"reproduction, growth and development, mobiliazation of body defenses, maintenance of much of homeostasis, regulation of metabolism"
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Term
| 3 ways hormones can be classified |
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Definition
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"amino acid-based (proteins, peptides, amines), steroids (made from cholesterol), and prostaglandins (made from highly active lipids)"
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Term
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Definition
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"hormones circulate to all organs, but a given hormone affects only certain tissue cells or organs"
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Term
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Definition
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specific protein receptors
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Term
| typical effects caused by hormones (4) |
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Definition
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"(1) changes in plasma membrane permeability or electrical state; (2) symthese of proteins, such as enzymes; (3) activation or inactivation of enzymes; (4) stimulation of mitosis"
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Term
| steroid hormone action (5) |
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Definition
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"(1) diffuse through plasma membrane of target cells, (2) enter nucleus, (3) bind to a specific protein within nucleus, (4) (protein and steroid unit bind to specivid sites on cell's DNA, (5) then activate genes (via mRNA) that result in synthesis of new proteins"
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Term
| nonsteroid hormone action (4) |
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Definition
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(1) nonsteroid hormone (first messenger) binds to receptor on cell membrane but does NOT enter cell; (2) this sets off series of reactions that activates an enzyme; (3) catalyzes a reaction that produces a second messenger molecule; (4) oversees additional intracellular changes to promote a specific response (such as glycogen breakdown)
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Term
| negative feedback mechanisms |
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Definition
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chief way of regulating blood levels of nearly all hormons; stumulus or low hormone levels in blood triggers release of more hormone; hormone release stops once an appropriate level in blood is reached
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Term
| hormonal stimulus of endocrine glands |
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Definition
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endocrine glands are activated by other hormones
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Term
| humoral stimulus of endocrine glands |
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Definition
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changing blood levels of certain ions (i.e. calcium) stimulate hormone release
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Term
| neurla stimulus of endocrine glands |
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Definition
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nerve impulses stimulate hormone release (most are under control of sympathetic nervous system)
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Term
| major endocrine organs include…(8) |
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Definition
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"pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pineal gland, thymus gland, pancreas, gonads (ovaries and testes)"
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Term
| location of pituitary gland |
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Definition
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hangs by stalk from hypothalamus and is protected by sphenoid bone
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Term
| 2 functional lobes of pituitary gland |
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Definition
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anterior pituitary (glandular tissue) and posterior pituitary (nervous tissue)
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Term
| which glands are ductless? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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ductless glands that empty hormones directly into blood
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Term
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Definition
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glands with ducts through which secretions are carried to a particular site
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Term
| hormones of anterior pituitary (6) |
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Definition
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"growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL) affect non-endocrine targets; thyroid-stimulating or thyrotropic (TSH or TH), follicle-stimulating (FSH), luteinizing (LH), and adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) are all tropic hormones (stimulate other endocrine glands)"
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Term
| 3 characteristics of all anterior pituitary hormones |
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Definition
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"proteins (or peptides); act throuh second-messenger systems; regulated by hormonal stimuli, mostly negative feedback"
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Term
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Definition
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growth hormone--major effects directed to growth of skeletal muscles and long bones
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Term
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Definition
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prolactin--stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth
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Term
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Definition
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adrenocorticotropic hormone--regulated endocrine activity of adrenal cortex
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Term
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Definition
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thyroid-stimulating hormone--influences growth and activity of thyroid
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Term
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Definition
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FSH--stimulates follicle development in ovaries and sperm development in testes; LH--trigers ovulations and stimulates testosterone production
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Term
| known as the master endocrine gland |
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Definition
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Term
| hormones of posterior pituitary (2) |
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Definition
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oxytocin--stimulates contractions of uterus and causes milk ejection; antidiuretic (ADH) hormone--can inhibit urine production and in large amounts causes vasoconstriction leading to increased blood pressure
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Term
| location of thyroid gland |
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Definition
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base of throat--consists of 2 lobes and connecting isthmus
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Term
| thyroid gland produces 2 hormones |
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Definition
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thyroid hormone (T4--have a lot; T3--most potent) and calcitonin
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Term
| the body's major jetabolic hormone |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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regulates calcium balance
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Term
| location of parathyroid glands |
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Definition
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posterior surface of thyroid gland
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Term
| parathyroid glands secrete |
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Definition
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Term
| functions of parathyroid hormone (3) |
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Definition
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stimulate osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone; stimulate kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium; raise calcium level in blood
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Term
| location of adrenal glands |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 parts to adrenal glands |
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Definition
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cortex (outer glandular region in 3 layers) and medulla (inner neural tissue region)
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Term
| hormones of adrenal cortex (3) |
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Definition
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"corticosteroids (mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones)"
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Term
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Definition
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"produced in outer adrenal cortex and regulate mineral content in blood, water and electorlyte balance (target organ is kidney)"
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Term
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Definition
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produced in middle layer of adrenal cortex and promote normal cell metabolism (released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH)
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Term
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Definition
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produced in inner layer of adrenal cortex--androgens (male) and some estrogen (femail)
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Term
| hormones of adrenal medulla |
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Definition
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catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)--prepare body to deal with short-term stress
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Term
| best0hidden endocrine glands in body |
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Definition
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pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
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Term
| exocrine (enzyme-producing) part of pancreas acts as part of the… |
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Definition
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Term
| hormones produced by islets of pancreas (2) |
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Definition
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insulin (allows glucose to cross plasma membranes into cells from beta cells) and glucagon (allows glucose to enter blood from alpha cells)
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Term
| function of insulin and glucagon |
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Definition
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antagonists that maintain blood sugar homeostasis
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Term
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Definition
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found on third ventricle of brain
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Term
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Definition
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secretes melatonin (helps establish body's wake/sleep cycles)
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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produces thymosin which matures some types of WBCs and important in developing the immune system
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Term
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Definition
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estrogens and progesterone
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Term
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Definition
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"(produced by Graafian follicles or placenta) stimulates development of secondary female characteristics; matures female reproductive organs, helps perpare uterus to receive fertilized egg; helps maintain pregnancy; prepares breasts to produce milk"
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Term
| progesterone functions (2) |
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Definition
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(produces by corpus luteum) acts with estrogen to bring about menstrual cycle and helps in implantation of embryo in uterus
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Term
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Definition
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produces several androgens; testosterone is most important
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Term
| testosterone functions (3) |
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Definition
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responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics; promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system; required for sperm cell production
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Term
| other hormone-producing tissues and organs (4) |
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Definition
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"parts of small intestine, parts of stomach, kidneys, heart"
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Term
| endocrine functions of placenta (3) |
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Definition
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"produces hormones to maintain pregnancy; some hormones play part in delivery of baby; produces HCG in addition to estrogen, progesterone, and other hormones"
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