Term
| What are the hypothalamic hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the anterior pituitary hormones? |
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Definition
Prolactin
TSH
ACTH
GH
FSH / LH |
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Term
| The hypothalamus releases ____ which targets the anterior pituitary to release _____ which acts on the thyroid stimulating release of ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What hypothalamic hormone causes ACTH to be released from the anterior pituitary? |
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Definition
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Term
| What organ does GH act on? |
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Definition
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Term
| The liver releases ____ in response to GH? |
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Definition
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Term
| GnRH targets receptors in the _______ to release _____ which target gonad endocrine cells |
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Definition
anterior pituitary
LH & FSH |
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Term
| Describe how standing up causes change in blood pressure, in terms of negative feedback loops/homeostasis |
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Definition
1. Stand up - blood pressure decreases
2. Blood pressure receptors note this decrease
3. Information is sent to integrating system
4. Heart rate is increased
5. Blood pressure returns to normal |
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Term
| What are the major systems regulated by homeostasis? |
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Definition
skin
cardiovascular
renal
digestive
respiratory
musculoskeletal |
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Term
| What disorder affects 5% of the global population? |
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Definition
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Term
| What disease is the 6th leading cause of death in Canada? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common cause for infertility? |
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Definition
| ovarian endocrine disorders |
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Term
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Definition
the study of how endocrine glands regulate the behaviour and physiology of
the study of hormones and their actions |
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Term
| What is an endocrine gland? |
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Definition
| A tissue which releases a substance into the bloodstream, which then travels to the target cell via the blood |
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Term
| Describe Minkowski's experiment which contributed to the discovery of insulin |
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Definition
-removed pancreas from dog, noted symptoms of diabetes
-inserted pieces of pancreas sub-cutaneously, symptoms disappeared |
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Term
| How did Banting & Best contribute to the discovery of insulin? |
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Definition
| -discovered that extracts from the pancreas can be injected into patients, which alleviates the symptoms of diabetes (prevents increase in blood glucose) |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of hormones? |
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Definition
1. peptides & polypeptides
2. steroids
3. amines (catecholamines)
4. amines (thyroid) |
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Term
| Steroids are derived from.... |
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Definition
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Term
| Insulin is what type of hormone? What cells produce it? |
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Definition
peptide
pancreatic beta cells |
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Term
| The inactive form of insulin is stored as a _____ with ____ residues |
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Definition
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Term
| The active form of insulin is a ____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| promotes glucose absorption from blood to muscle & fat tissue |
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Term
| What are the 3 levels of effect of hormones? |
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Definition
Autocrine (targets itself)
Paracrine (targets adjacent cell)
Endocrine (targets cell in different tissue) |
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Term
| Where are steroid hormone stored? |
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Definition
| they are not stored, they are produced on demand |
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Term
| ____ and ___ hormones are released from cells via exocytosis |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ and _____ hormones are released from cells via diffusion |
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Definition
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Term
| Which types of hormones have long half-lives? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which types of hormones can be transported via the bloodstream by dissolving in the plasma? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which types of hormones must be bound to carrier proteins for transport? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
Hormone receptors could be described as promiscuous |
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Definition
| false, they are very specific! |
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Term
| How do steroid & thyroid hormones differ from other hormones in terms of receptor binding? |
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Definition
| the receptors for these hormones are within the target cell, as opposed to being on the plasma membrane |
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Term
| Receptors for ____ hormones are found within the nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
| Receptors for _____ hormones are found within the cytoplasm |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is a common precursor for all steroid hormones |
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Definition
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Term
| Which hormones cannot pass through the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| polar, or lipophobic hormones |
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Term
| What does it mean if the effects of hormones are synergistic? |
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Definition
| they work together to produce the desired effect on the target tissue |
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Term
| What does a hormone with a permissive effect do? |
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Definition
enhances the responsiveness of a tissue to a second hormone
increases the activity of the second hormone |
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Term
| Insulin & glucagon have ____ effects |
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Definition
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Term
| When a small amount of a hormone increases the sensitivity of a tissue to larger amounts of the same hormone, this is known as a ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is pulsatile secretion important? |
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Definition
| it prevents desensitization |
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Term
| Give an example of a prehormone |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of a prohormone |
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Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
Nuclear hormone receptors act as transcription factors to initiate gene transcription |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which hormones are hydrophobic? |
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Definition
| steroid & thyroid hormones |
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Term
| What is a prehormone? give an example |
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Definition
| hormone which is not active until converted into its active form in the target cell (e.g. T4 activated to T3) |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone precursor which must be cut & spliced to form the actual hormone |
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Term
| Describe the cAMP pathway |
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Definition
| see notes for answer...sorry I'm lazy |
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Term
| Describe the Ca2+ pathway |
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Definition
| look at notes but you better know this |
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Term
| What hormone uses both the cAMP and Ca2+ pathways? When? |
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Definition
epinephrine
Binding to beta andrenergic receptor activates cAMP
Binding to alpha andrenergic receptor activates Ca2+ |
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Term
| Describe how steroid hormones bind to receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe how thyroid hormones bind to receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe insulin's method of receptor binding |
|
Definition
-extracellular side of trans-mmb receptor for insulin has 2 binding sites
-when insulin binds in both, a conformational change is induced which allows for autophosphorylation of the receptor
-tyrosine kinase is activated
-signaling molecules are phosphorylated which promotes glucose uptake into muscle & adipose tissue |
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