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EMT-B
NREMT EMT-B
146
Medical
Professional
09/05/2009

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
4 levels of prehospital care providers
Definition
First Responder, EMT-B, EMT-I, EMT-Paramedic
Term
medical direction
Definition
Medical policies, procedures, and practices that are available to EMS providers either off-line or on-line
Term
protocols
Definition
The policies and procedures for all components of an EMS system. Also called orders or standing orders.
Term
standing orders
Definition
Preauthorized treatment procedures; a type of treatment protocol
Term
medical director
Definition
Physician who is legally responsible for the clinical and patient care aspects of an EMS system.
Term
medical oversight
Definition
The medical director's broad responsibilities, including all clinical and administrative functions and activities necessary to exercise ultimate responisbility for the emergency care provided by individual personnel and the entire EMS system.
Term
off-line medical direction
Definition
Medical policies, procedures, and practices that medical direction has established in written guidelines (protocols).
Term
on-line medical direction
Definition
Direct orders from a physician to a prehospital care provider given by radio or telephone.
Term
five emotional stages
Definition
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
Term
3 types of stress reactions
Definition
Acute stress reactions, delayed stress reaction (PTSD), and cumulative stress reaction (burnout).
Term
signs and symptoms of stress
Definition
irritability, inability to concentrate, difficulty sleeping, anxiety, indecisiveness, guilt, loss of appetite, loss of sexual desire, isolation, loss of interest in work
Term
5 categories of stress
Definition
thinking, psychological, physical, behavioral, social
Term
PPE
Definition
personal protective equipment
Term
BSI
Definition
body substance isolation (standard precautions)
Term
scope of practice
Definition
Actions and care that are legally allowed by the state in which he or she is providing emergency medical care
Term
standard of care
Definition
Care that would be expected to be given to a patient by any trained EMT under similar circumstances
Term
duty to act
Definition
The legal obligation to care for a patient who requires it while on duty
Term
Good Samaritan law
Definition
A law that provides immunity from liability for acts performed in good faith to assist at the scene of a medical emergency unless those acts constitute gross negligence.
Term
3 types of consent
Definition
expressed consent, implied consent, minor consent
Term
advanced directive, 3 common types
Definition
Instructions, written in advance, such as a living will, do not resuscitate order (DNR), and a health care durable power of attorney
Term
abandonment
Definition
The act of discontinuing emergency care without ensuring that another health care professional with equivalent or better training will take over
Term
assault
Definition
A willful threat to inflict harm on a person
Term
battery
Definition
The act of touching a person unlawfully without his consent.
Term
defamation
Definition
An intentional false communication that injures another person's reputation or good name
Term
false imprisonment
Definition
The intentional and unjustifiable detention of a person without his consent or other legal authority
Term
informed consent
Definition
Consent for treatment that is given by a competent patient based on full disclosure of possible risks and consequences
Term
libel
Definition
The act of injuring a person's reputation or good name in writing or through the mass media with malicious intent or reckless disregard for the falsity of those statements
Term
slander
Definition
The act of injuring a person's reputation or good name through spoken statements with malicious intent or reckless disregard for the falsity of those statements
Term
tort
Definition
A wrongful act, injury, or damage
Term
negligence, two types
Definition
The act of deviating from an accepted standard of care through carelessness, inattention, disregard, inadvertence, or oversight, which results in further injury of the patient. Simple negligence occurs when EMT fails to perform care or a mistake is made. Gross negligence is willful, wanton, or extremely reckless patient care.
Term
body positions
Definition
supine, prone, lateral recumbent position (recovery), Fowler's position (45-60 degrees), semi-Fowler's position (less than 45 degrees), Trendelenburg (supine with legs above head), shock (legs elevated 12 inches).
Term
spinal column, areas of
Definition
Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5), coccyx (4)
Term
sphygmomanometer
Definition
Blood pressure cuff
Term
normal respiratory rates
Definition
Adults 12-20, children 15-30, infants 25-50, newborns 30-60
Term
breath sounds
Definition
stridor (harsh, high-pitched), rales (crackling), rhonchi (wheezing), snoring
Term
pulse locations
Definition
carotid, femoral, radial, brachial, popliteal, posterior tibial, dorsalis pedis
Term
normal pulse rates
Definition
adult 60-80, adolescent 60-105, school-aged child 60-120, preschooler 80-150, infant 120-150, newborn 100-180
Term
tachycardia
Definition
high heart rate, greater than 100 in adults
Term
bradycardia
Definition
low heart rate, less than 60 in adults
Term
pulsus paradoxus
Definition
Decrease in strength of pulse during inhalation and increases during exhalation
Term
abnormal skin colors
Definition
Pallor (paleness), cyanosis (blue-gray), flushing (red), jaundice (yellow), mottling (blotchy cyanosis)
Term
capillary refill
Definition
2 seconds for infants, children, and adult males; 3 seconds for females; and 4 seconds for eldery
Term
diaphoresis
Definition
profuse sweating
Term
PERRL
Definition
Pupils Equal Round Reactive to Light
Term
normal blood pressures
Definition
adult male 100 + age; adult female 90 + age; child 80 + age x2
Term
systolic blood pressure
Definition
Amount of pressure exerted on the walls of the arteries during the contraction and ejection of blood from the left ventricle
Term
diastolic blood pressure
Definition
amount of pressure exerted on the artery walls while the left ventricle is at rest and not contracting
Term
orthostatic vital signs test
Definition
Taking B.P. and H.R. in supine position, followed 2 minutes later in standing (or sitting position); an increase in HR or decrease in BP of 10-20 could indicate a loss of fluid volume; also known as tilt test
Term
SAMPLE history
Definition
Signs and symptoms (OPQRST), Allergies, Medications, Pertinent past history, Last oral intake, Events leading to current injury/illness
Term
OPQRST
Definition
Onset, Provocation, Quality, Radiation, Severity, Time
Term
clammy
Definition
A moist, or a cool and moist, condition; a skin condition often characteristic of shock
Term
auscultation
Definition
Listening for sounds within the body with a stethoscope
Term
lordosis
Definition
Abnormal anterior convexity of spine; swayback
Term
kyphosis
Definition
Abnormal curvature of the spine with convexity backward; slouch/hunchback
Term
emergency move
Definition
Patient move that should be performed when there is immediate danger to the patient or rescuer
Term
suction time
Definition
No more than 15 seconds in an adult and 5 seconds in infants/children
Term
tachypnea
Definition
Excessively rapid breathing rate
Term
bradypnea
Definition
Abnormally slow breathing rate
Term
hypopnea
Definition
Low volume of breathing
Term
hypercarbic drive
Definition
Mechanism by which healthy people breathe; breathing is increased when chemoreceptors sense low carbon dioxide levels in the blood
Term
hypoxic drive
Definition
Mechanism by which COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) patients breathe; breathing is increased when chemoreceptors sense high oxygen levels in the blood
Term
upper airway, parts of (superior to inferior)
Definition
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, cricoid cartilage
Term
hypoxia, causes
Definition
Inadequate amount of oxygen being delivered to the cells; many causes including shock, inadequate breathing, occluded airway, drug overdose, stroke, inhalation of toxic gases, lung and airway diseases
Term
hypoperfusion
Definition
Shock; The insufficient supply of oxygen and other nutrients to some of the body's cells that result from inadequate circulation of the blood
Term
laryngectomy
Definition
Full or partial removal of a person's larynx
Term
tracheostomy
Definition
A surgical opening into the trachea in which a tube is inserted for the patient to breathe through
Term
MOI
Definition
Mechanism of Injury for trauma patient
Term
NOI
Definition
Nature of Illness for medical patient
Term
index of suspicion
Definition
An anticipation that certain types of accidents and mechanisms will produce specific types of injuries
Term
initial assesment
Definition
injured or ill; airway, breathing, circulation; life-threats; transport decision
Term
Glasgow Coma Scale
Definition
Eye Opening (1-4), Verbal Response (1-5), Motor Response (1-6)
Term
DCAP-BTLS
Definition
Deformities, Contusions, Abrasions, Punctures/Penetrations, Burns, Tenderness, Lacerations, Swelling
Term
PMS
Definition
Pulses, Motor Function, Sensation
Term
AVPU
Definition
Alert, Verbal stimulus, Painful stimulus, Unresponsive
Term
orthopnea
Definition
Shortness of breath while laying flat
Term
SOAP
Definition
Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan
Term
dyspnea
Definition
Shortness of breathe
Term
apnea
Definition
Complete respiratory arrest
Term
stages of respiratory problems
Definition
Distress, failure, arrest
Term
v-Tach
Definition
Ventricular tachycardia; very fast heart rhythm that is generated in the ventricle instead of the SA node and easily degenerates into V-Fib
Term
v-Fib
Definition
Ventricular fibrillation; disorganized cardiac rhythm that produces no pulse or cardiac output
Term
COPD
Definition
Chronic Occlusive Pulmonary Disorder
Term
ACS
Definition
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Term
chain of survival
Definition
Early access, early CPR, early defibrillation, early advanced care
Term
hyperglycemia, conditions of
Definition
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonkeotic Syndrome (HHNS)
Term
hypoglycemia, conditions of
Definition
Insulin shock caused by epinephrine release
Term
DKA
Definition
Diabetic ketoacidosis; occurs more commonly in Type I diabetics
Term
skin turgor
Definition
Skin test used to determine dehydration; skin on back of hand is lifted and if doesn't quickly return to normal patient is dehydrated
Term
Kussmaul's respirations
Definition
A pattern of very deep and rapid breathing that is commonly seen in a patient with DKA in an attempt to rid the body of carbon dioxide which is acidic
Term
HHNS
Definition
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketoic syndrome; more often seen in Type II diabetics because they have some insulin allowing some glucose into the cells and preventing production of ketones
Term
TIA
Definition
Transient ischemic attack; signs and symptoms similar to a stroke but usually disappear with 10-15 minutes
Term
ischemic stroke
Definition
Stroke caused to an inadequate amount of blood being delivered to a portion of the brain caused by a blood clot obstructing a blood vessel in the brain; thrombotic (from a clot in cerebral artery) and embolic (from material carried to cerebral circulation from another area of the body)
Term
hemorrhagic stroke
Definition
Stroke caused by a ruptured vessel in the brain that allows blood to leak and collect in or around brain tissue
Term
Cincinnati prehospital stroke scale categories
Definition
Facial droop, arm drift, abnormal speech
Term
stroke
Definition
A sudden disruption in blood flow to the brain that results in brain cell damage
Term
seizure
Definition
A sudden and temporary alteration in the mental status caused by massive electrical discharge in a group of nerve cells in the brain
Term
seizure stages
Definition
Aura, loss of consciousness, tonic phase (muscle rigidity), hypertonic phase, clonic phase (convulsion), postictal state (recovery)
Term
syncope
Definition
Fainting
Term
epilepsy
Definition
A chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizures
Term
generalized tonic-clonic seizure
Definition
The most common type of epileptic seizure that produces unresponsiveness and convulsion; grand mal seizure
Term
status epilepticus
Definition
A seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes or seizures that occur consecutively without a period of responsiveness between them
Term
types of seizures
Definition
Grand mal, simple partial, complex partial, petit mal, febrile
Term
antigens
Definition
Foreign substance
Term
allergic reaction
Definition
A misdirected and excessive response by the immune system to a foreign substance or an allergen
Term
antibodies
Definition
Proteins that search for the antigen, combine with it, and help to destroy it
Term
anaphylaxis
Definition
A severe allergic reaction that produces respiratory distress and shock
Term
anaphylactic shock
Definition
A shock state that results from dilated and leaking blood vessels related to severe allergic reaction
Term
histamine
Definition
The primary chemical mediator released from the MAST cells in an allergic reaction causing bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, and increased capillary permeability
Term
anaphylactoid reaction
Definition
A reaction to a foreign substance that resembles an anaphylactic reaction but that may occur on first exposure to the substance, without immune-system sensitization, when the substance itself causes release of histamine
Term
sensitization
Definition
The process by which antibodies are produced and attached to MAST cells after exposure to an antigen
Term
poisons, routes of entry
Definition
Ingestion, inhalation, injection, absorption
Term
antidote
Definition
A substance that neutralizes the effects of a poison or a toxic substance
Term
activated charcoal
Definition
A distilled charcoal in powder form that can absorb many times its weight in contaminants; often administered to patients who have ingested poison to adsorb the poison and help prevent its absorption by the body
Term
5 categories of commonly abused drugs
Definition
CNS depressants, CNS stimulants, hallucinogens, narcotics, volatile inhalants
Term
Markle test
Definition
A test for the presence of peritonitis in which the patient stands on his toes with knees straight and then drops to his heels, or in which the heels of a supine patient are raised and then struck together or struck on the bottom. The jarring of the torso will elicit pain when the peritoneal linings are inflamed
Term
mechanisms of heat loss
Definition
Radiation, convection, conduction, evaporation, respiration
Term
rewarming, active vs. passive
Definition
Ways to rewarm hypothermia patients
Term
hyperthermia, stages of
Definition
Heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke
Term
stages of labor
Definition
Dilation, expulsion, placental
Term
APGAR score
Definition
Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration; done a 1-min and 5; scale is 0-2 per category
Term
meconcium staining
Definition
A greenish or brownish-yellow staining of the amniotic fluid caused by the fetal bowel movement resulting from distress
Term
The golden hour
Definition
The amount of time shown to have the best chance of success from time of injury to surgical intervention for a trauma patient
Term
platinum 10 mintues
Definition
Amount of time during the golden hour the EMS team should devote to on-scene activities
Term
cavitation
Definition
A cavity formed by the pressure wave resulting from the kinetic energy of a bullet traveling through body tissue
Term
bleeding, types of
Definition
arterial (bright red and spurting), venous (dark red and flows steadily), capillary (dark red and oozes)
Term
epistaxis
Definition
Nosebleed
Term
stages of shock
Definition
Compensatory, decompensated/progressive, irreversible
Term
types of shock
Definition
hypovolemic, obstructive, distributive (neurogenic/vasogenic, anaphylactic, septic), cardiogenic
Term
burn classifications
Definition
superficial, partial thickness, full thickness
Term
rule of nines
Definition
standardized method for calculating burn percentage; arms 9%, leg 18%, head 9%, chest 9%, back 9%
Term
palm method for burns
Definition
method for calculating burn percentage; palm of patient's hand is 1%
Term
burn causes
Definition
flame burn, contact burn, scald, steam burn, gas burn, electrical burn, flash burn
Term
paresthesia
Definition
A prickling of tingling feeling that indicates some loss of sensation
Term
crepitus
Definition
The sound of feel of broken fragments of bone grinding against each other
Term
compartment syndrome
Definition
A condition in which increased tissue pressure in a confined space causes decreased blood flow, leading to hypoxia and possible muscle, nerve, and vessel impairment, which may be permanent if the cells die
Term
consensual reflex
Definition
Same or similar reaction of the unstimulated pupil when the other pupil is stimulated, as when a light is shined into one pupil and both pupils contract
Term
retrograde amnesia
Definition
Inability to remember circumstances prior to an incident
Term
anterograde amnesia
Definition
Inability to remember circumstances after an incident
Term
pneumothorax
Definition
Air in the chest cavity, outside the lungs
Term
tension pneumothorax
Definition
A condition in which the build-up of air and pressure in the thoracic cavity of the injured lung is so severe that it begins to shift to the uninjured side, resulting in compression of the heart, large vessels, and the uninjured lung
Term
flail segment
Definition
Two or more adjacent ribs that are fractured in two or more places and thus move independently from the rest of the rib cage
Term
paradoxical movement
Definition
A section of the chest that moves in the opposite direction to the rest of the chest during the phases of respiration. Typically seen with a flail segment
Term
hemoptysis
Definition
Coughing up blood or blood-stained sputum
Term
incident command system
Definition
The standardized incident management concept that has become the standard for on scene management of disasters and MCIs; incident commander, staging unit, transport unit, treatment unit, triage unit
Term
rapid extrication
Definition
A technique using manual stabilization rather than application of an immobilization device for the purpose of speeding extrication when the time saved will make the difference between life and death
Term
Cheyne-Stokes respirations
Definition
Abnormal breathing characterized by alternating periods of shallow and deep breathing
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