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Emgryology Chp 7
Overview of the cell
29
Biology
Undergraduate 3
10/15/2009

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Term

What is a cell, and what does it consist of?

Definition
The smallest living unit of organization in the body. membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, inclusions
Term

What is the difference between exocytosis and endocytosis?

Definition

Exo - stuff inside cell transported outside cell

Endo - stuff inside cell being transported out

Term

Describe the relationship between cells, tissues, organs, and systems.

Definition
Cells with similar form group together to make a tissue, Tissues bond together to be organs, Organs function together as a body system.
Term

What does the study of histology involve?

Definition
Study of microscopic structure and function of cells and their tissues
Term

What is the cell membrane, and what does it consist of?

Definition
plasma membrane that completely surrounds the cell. guardian or gate keeper of the cell. contains phospholipids and proteins
Term

What is the cytoplasm, and what are vacuoles?

Definition
semifluid portion of the cell within cell membrane as well as other areas. Contains spaces within it named vacuoles.
Term

What are organelles?

Definition
speciallized, metabolically active structures within the cell. The organelles allow each cell to function according to its genetic code.
Term
List the most common organelles
Definition
nucleus, mitochonria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes, cytoskeleton.
Term

What is the nucleus, and what is its relationship with chromosomes?

Definition
found in all cells except rbc - command center of the cell. Houses the dna chromosomes.
Term

Explain the appearance and function of mitochrondria and ribosomes.

Definition
mitochonria are responsible for energy via cellular respiration. looks like a mean with ripples. Ribosomes: Tiny spheres - made in nucleus by rRNA - translates DNA sequence to protein sequence
Term
Nucleoplasm
Definition
fluid portion within the nucleus. Contains important molecules for the construction of ribosomes, necleic acids and other nuclear materials
Term
centromere
Definition
clear, constricted area near the middle of a chromosome.
Term
tissue
Definition
cells with similar characteristics working together
Term

Explain the appearance and function of the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi complex.

Definition

smooth ER - not studded with ribosomes

Rough ER - Studded with ribosomes

function- modification, storage, segregation, transport of protiens.

Golgi complex - packaging and transport of protein compounds.

Term

What are lysosomes, and how are they related to cell function?

Definition
produced by the golgi. intra and extra cellular digestion of waste. Enzymes the lysosomes use are originally produced on RER 
Term

Describe the appearance of centrosomes and how they are related to cell division.

Definition
Dense oval shaped - holds centriole. Helps form mitotic spindle during cell division. Cell can not reproduce without this.
Term

What is the cytoskeleton, and what does it consist of?

Definition
3 demensional system of support. includes microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments
Term
What are inclusions in the cell, and what are their function?
Definition
metabolically inert substances or structures that are transient. Inclusions are like a storage for things.
Term

List some common inclusions.

Definition
Melanin, pigment storage. spent lysosomes and digested materials.
Term

What occurs during cell division?

Definition
DNA replicated, mitosis (dna divided and copied so daughter cells are identical), Then other cytoplasmic parts of the cell are divided. 4 phases prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Term
Prophase
Definition
chromatin condenses into chromosomes, replicated centrioles migrate to opposite poles. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate.
Term
Metaphase
Definition
chromosomes move so their centromeres are aligned in the equal plane. Mitotic spindle forms.
Term
Anaphase
Definition
centromeres split, each chromosome seperates into 2 chromatids. chromatids migrate to opposite poles by mitotic spindle
Term
Telophase
Definition
devision into 2 daughter cells occurs. Nuclear membrane reappears
Term
Interphase
Definition
cells between divisions engage in growth, metabolism, organelle replacement, and substance production.
Term

Explain tissue fluid and intercellular substance and their functions.


Definition
interstitial fluid. used for transporting substances, carrying out chemical reactions. medium for disolving and mixing
Term

What are intercellular junctions?

Definition
mechanical attachments between cells. Cell membranes come close together but do not fully attach.
Term

Explain the difference between a desmosome and hemidesmosome.

Definition

desmosome - "spot weld" attaches cell to cells

Hemidesmosome - weaker attachment that attaches cell to noncellular structures gums to teeth

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