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Embryology of cardiovascular and pulmonary systems
Embryology of cardiovascular and pulmonary systems
53
Medical
Graduate
08/29/2009

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Term
Pleuropericardial fold does what
Definition
Pleuropericardial fold separates the pericardial cavity and pleural cavity
Term
Foregut ends where
Definition
Foregut goes from esophagus to 2nd part of duodenum (descending)
Term
Midgut is where
Definition
Midgut goes from ending of foregut to 2/3rds into the transverse colon
Term
Hindgut is where
Definition
Hindgut goes from 1/3rd of transverse colon to rectum
Term
When does respiratory primordium make its first appearance
Definition
Respiratory primordium makes appearance at 4th week
Term
Resp. Diverticulum comes from where
Definition
Resp. Diverticulum comes from the ventral wall of the foregut
Term
What does TBX4 do
Definition
TBX4 is the transcription factor that determines location of resp div, differentiation, and growth maintenance.
Term
What is differentiation in the resp diverticulum
Definition
Differentiation in the resp div is the tracheoesophageal groove, ridge, and then septum
Term
Lung buds expand where
Definition
Lung buds expand into the pericardio / peritoneal canals, which are on either side of the foregut.
Term
Right and left lungs separate into how many bronchii
Definition
Right and left lungs separate into 3 and 2 main bronchi respectively
Term
What are supernumerary lobules
Definition
Supernumerary lobules are extra lung lobes from abnormal division of the brachial tree
Term
What do ectopic lung lobes come from
Definition
Ectopic lung lobes come from additional respiratory buds
Term
What do congenital cysts of the lung come from, and what do they do
Definition
Congenital cysts of the lung come from dilation of the terminal or larger bronchi, and result in poor drainage of the lung, causing common respiratory infections
Term
Fetal breathing and swallowing of amniotic fluid does what
Definition
Fetal breathing and swallowing of amniotic fluid helps stimulate lung development and condition respiratory muscles
Term
Pseudoglandular period of lung development is what and when:
Definition
Pseudoglandular period of lung development is 5-16 weeks, and is the expansion of the respiratory diverticulum
Term
Canalicular period of lung development is what and when:
Definition
Canalicular period of lung development is 16-26 weeks, with only cuboidal epithelium
Term
When is the fetus viable
Definition
The fetus is viable after the Canalicular period at 26 weeks, when type 2 cells start creating surfactant
Term
Terminal sac period of lung development is what and when:
Definition
Terminal sac period of lung development is from 26 weeks to birth, and is marked by type 2 alveolar epithelial cells producing surfactant, and cuboidal epithelium differentiating into thing squamous epithelium. Capillaries make contact with epithelium.
Term
Alveolar period of lung development is what and when:
Definition
Alveolar period of lung development is from eight months to childhood (10 years), in which 5/6ths of the final aveolae are created
Term
What two structures contact intimately in the blood air barrier
Definition
The alveolar epithelial type 1 cells and capillary endothelial cells contact intimately in the blood-air barrier.
Term
Describe changes in lungs after birth
Definition
Respiration begins with air entering the aveolae. Fluid is resorbed (mostly) by blood and lymph capillaries, and expulsed (small amount) by trachea and bronchi. Phosopholipid coat is formed due to surfactant deposit on alveolar cell membranes. It prevents high surface tension between air and water (the blood interface)
Term
When are mature alveolae present
Definition
Mature alveolae are present only after birth
Term
When do type 2 cells develop
Definition
Type 2 cells develop at the end of the 6th month
Term
What is RDS
Definition
RDS is respiratory distress syndrome, caused by not enough surfactant
Term
Healthy lungs do what in water, and still born lungs do what
Definition
Healthy lungs float in water and still born lungs sink in water.
Term
How do you treat premature babies
Definition
You treat premature babies with artificial surfactant and glucocorticoids that stimulate surfactant production
Term
Describe the different types of tracheoesophageal malformations
Definition
Type A (90%), upper branch of esophagus ends in blind pouch, lower segment forms a fistula with the trachea. Type B (4%), upper and lower branches have blind ends. Isolated esophageal atresia. Type C (4%) is H-type. No esophageal atresia, brief communication of esophagus with trachea. Types D and E (1% each), are reverse of type A and a more pronounced type C respectively.
Term
How do you determine if there is an tracheoesophageal malformation
Definition
Diagnosing a tracheoesophageal malformation is done with a barium swallow study
Term
TEF’s are associated with what: (VACTERL)
Definition
VACTERL is an association between vertebra anomalies, anal atresia, cardiac defects, tracheoesophageal fistulas, esophageal atresia, renal anomalies, and limb defects.
Term
How does the diaphragm develop
Definition
The diaphragm develops by the merging of the pleuroperitoneal folds with the septum transversum, followed by muscular ingrowth from the body wall. The muscles are formed by the myotomes of C3, C4, and C5.
Term
What is diagphragmatic hernia and what is its effect
Definition
Diaphragmatic hernia is the failure of one or both pleuroperitoneal membranes w/ the septum transversum to close the periocardioperitoneal canals. It allows abdominal viscera to enter the pleural cavity.
Term
When does the heart begin to beat
Definition
The heart begins to beat early in the 4th week
Term
Which structures are paired and unpaired at week 4 of development
Definition
The dorsal aortae, anterior and posterior cardinal veins, umbilical veins (one degenerates), and umbilical arteries are paired. Vitelline arteries (associated with the yolk sac) are located within the GI tract and are unpaired arteries of the abdominal aorta.
Term
What are the 3 main venous drainages of the 4-week old heart
Definition
The 3 main venous drainages of the 4 week old heart are the common cardinal vein (branches into ant. and post.), the vitelline vein, and the umbilical vein.
Term
What does the pericardial coelom arise from
Definition
The pericardial coelem arises from the interembryonic coelem.
Term
What does lateral folding of the embryo do with heart development
Definition
Lateral folding brings the endocardial heart tubes in close proximity to each other for fusion.
Term
What does head folding do in heart development
Definition
Head folding brings the septum transversum and the heart ventral to the GI tract
Term
What creates the pericardial cavity
Definition
The pericardial cavity originates from the pericardial ceolems that merge during lateral folding
Term
List and describe the divisions of the original, two chambered heart
Definition
The bulbus cordis is one chamber, the ventricle is the other – the truncus arteriosus (outflow tract) is the distal 1/3rd of the bulbus cordis. Beneath the ventricle are right and left horns of the sinus venosus (its entrence)
Term
What does the right horn of the sinus venosus form
Definition
The right horn of the sinus venosus forms the right atrium
Term
What does the left horn of the sinus venosus form
Definition
The left horn of the sinus venosus forms the coronary sinus (retrieves blood from wall of heart itself)
Term
How do the left and right sinus venoses change in place and shape
Definition
The opening to the heart shifts from between the venoses to the right venosus, which gets bigger. The superior and inferior vena cava form off of the right venosus as it becomes incorporated into the right atrium. The right venosus’s remnant is shown in the “smooth” part of the right atrium, whereas the part that wasn’t venosus is “rough”
Term
How does the left and right brachiocephalic veins form
Definition
The left and right brachiocephalic veins come from the anterior cardinal veins, as they anastomose, the left anterior cardinal vein degenerates and the anastomosis (crossing the heart) connects with the right to dump into the superior vena cava. As the left anterior cardinal vein degenerates, the left sinus venosus becomes the coronary sinus.
Term
What is the ductus venosus
Definition
The ductus venosus is a shunting vein of the liver – since the amnion does the liver’s function, the blood bypasses the organ.
Term
How do the atria partition from each other
Definition
The atria partitions: Septum primum, foramen primum, septum secondum, foramen secondum (foramen ovale)
Term
How is the truncus arteriosus partitioned
Definition
The truncus arteriosus partitions into the aorta and pulmonary trunk. Neural crest cells participate in creating the aorticopulmonary septum, which spirals up truncus arteroisus.
Term
What happens in unequal partitioning of the truncus arteriosus, and what results in it
Definition
Unequal partitioning of the truncus arteriosus can create a stenotic pulmonary trunk and large aorta, which results in right ventricular hypertrophy and a persistant ductus arteriosus
Term
What is a PDA
Definition
A PDA (persistant ductus arteriosus) is a shunt that connects the pulmonary trunk with the aorta
Term
How is the intraventricular septum formed
Definition
The IV septum is formed from two outgrowths, the muscular IV septum develops from the floor of the ventricle and grows towards the atria, stopping short and leaving the IV foramen. The membranous IV septum forms by the fusion of three components, the right and left bulbar ridges and the AV cusions. This fusion closes the IV foramen.
Term
What is tetralogy of fallot
Definition
Tetralogy of fallot is caused by neural crest cell migration forming a skewed development of the AP septum. It is characterized by pulmonary valve stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta (part is in the right ventricle too), and right ventricular hypertrophy
Term
What are the three shunts of fetal circulation, and what do they turn into after birth.
Definition
The three shunts of fetal circulation are the foramen ovale between atria, the ductus arteriosus between the aorta and pulmonary artery, and the ductus venosus that passes the liver. After birth they turn into the fossa ovalis, the ligamentum arteriosum, and the ligamentum venosum.
Term
How do the atria partition from each other
Definition
The atria partitions: Septum primum, foramen primum, septum secondum, foramen secondum (foramen ovale)
Term
Describe a probe patent foramen ovale
Definition
A probe patent foramen ovale is a tiny opening between septum primum and secundum. It occurs in 20% of people, and it is signifigant because a pelvic venous clot can enter the left atrium through it and be sent up into the brain for a stroke.
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