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| The study of language, by understanding the relationship between sound and meaning. Ex. Sally used her linguistic skills to understand what she heard and to take the appropriate action because of it. |
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| The process of thinking by taking things you hear, see, and think about that changes your mental space. Ex. Through cognition Joe was able to learn about trains. |
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| The study of meaning. Ex. The child said to the mom "its just semantics when arguing about the rules." |
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| a particular form of language that is specific to a particular region or group. Ex. The ice box has three cokes. VS. The refrigerator has three cokes. |
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| These are the rules for social language. Ex. Could you please pass the ketchup? |
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| A descriptive grammar looks at the way people speak and write and works out its rules from usage, rather than trying to tell people how to speak and write. Therefore, a descriptive grammar would not say that 'If I was' is wrong because it is commonly used. |
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| A prescriptive grammar gives rules for usage that it believes should used and deviation from the rules is wrong. As an example, a prescriptive rule for the second conditional would call form the use of the past subjunctive, so 'If I were' is the correct form and 'If I was' is an error. |
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| Structure refers to the structure of language and is often referred to as syntax. Implicit knowledge of structure helps the reader know if what she or he reads sounds correct.Ex. The sentence will read "I walked off the ledge." The reader will read "I walked of the ledge." |
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| An analysis of one's own thinking. This can be accomplished through individual reflections on student work or performance. |
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| This is the language used for particular settings. Ex. When with friends, "I am gonna beat you at the race." When speaking with a teacher, "I am going to read the book to you." |
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| The study of speech sounds. Ex. crab, flab, dab |
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| Phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages. |
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| The basic unit of sound. Ex. The words cat and bat are different because of the phonemes /c/ and /b/. |
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| A unit within a writing system such as a letter or digraph. Ex. c a t. The /k/ is represented by the c. |
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| A word or a part of a word that has a meaning and that contains no smaller part that also has meaning. Ex. Pins contains two morphemes, pin, s. |
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| The study and description of how words are formed in language. Ex. understanding that work is a word that can't be divided, but worker is made of the root word work and -er. |
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| The English that with respect to spelling, grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary is substantially uniform and is well established by usage in the formal and informal speech and writing of the educated, and that is widely recognized as acceptable wherever English is spoken and understood. Ex. I would like to eat at the table, please. |
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| African American Vernacular English (AAVE). Ex. He be working Tuesdays. |
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| Sociolinguistics is the study of how language serves and is shaped by the social nature of human beings.Ex. Sociolinguistics study how language and society intertwine. |
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| It is the understanding that sounds are associated with letters and strings of letters.It is the understanding that there are more sounds (phonemes) in English than letters of the alphabet, so some sounds are represented by combinations of letters. Ex. Ship can be sounded out as /sh/ /i/ /p/. |
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