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EHS BIOLOGY FINAL
These are all the terms needed for the EHS Biology Final!
162
Biology
9th Grade
06/06/2009

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Term
Evolution
Definition
to generation change in the proportion of different inherited genes in a population that accounts for all of the changes that have transformed life over an immense time. The changes that have occurred in a species over a long period of time.
Term
Natural Selection
Definition
process by which individuals with inherited characteristics well-suited to the environment leave more offspring than do other individuals.
Term
Charles Darwin
Definition
known as the father of evolution, he wrote the book The Origin of Species which shared his theory of natural selection.
Term
Galapagos Islands
Definition
Chain of islands near South America where Darwin developed his theory of natural selection by studying the unique life there.
Species- distinct form of life
Term
Species
Definition
distinct form of life
Term
Vestigial Structures
Definition
remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species’ ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species.
Term
Homologous Structures
Definition
similar structure found in more than one species that share a common ancestor.
Term
Convergent Evolution
Definition
process in which unrelated species from similar environments have adaptations that seem very similar
Term
Molecular Evidence
Definition
evidence in DNA that shows evolution has occurred. Like the similarity in DNA between Chimpanzees and humans.
Term
Fossils
Definition
preserved remains or marking left by an organism that lived in the past.
Term
Development of Embryos
Definition
vertebrates all have an embryonic stage where pouches appear on the sides of the embryo’s throat. In the early stages of embryonic development, most embryos look similar, but as they progress in development differences begin to appear more apparent.
Term
Pesticides Resistance in Insects
Definition
Insects that have a resistance to pesticides live and pass on the trait to their offspring making a race of pesticide resistance insects.
Term
Gene Pool
Definition
all of the alleles in all the individuals that make up a population
Term
Gene Frequency
Definition
A measure of the occurrence of an allele in a population
Term
Gene Flow
Definition
exchange of genes between populations
Term
Artificial Selection
Definition
selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to produce offspring with desired genetic traits
Term
Survival of the Fittest
Definition
the plants or animals with the best-suited traits for their environment will survive and reproduce to pass on their traits to their young.
Term
Adaptive Radiation
Definition
evolution from a common ancestor of many species adapted to diverse environments.
Term
Punctuated Equilibrium
Definition
evolutionary model suggesting species often diverge in spurts of relatively rapid change, followed by long periods of little change.
Term
Reproductive Isolation
Definition
condition in which a reproductive barrier keeps two species from interbreeding such as different parts or mating rituals.
Term
Behavioral Isolation
Definition
isolation between species caused by different behavioral patterns such as calls, signals, body language, and different rituals.
Term
Geographic Isolation
Definition
separation of populations as a result of geographic change or migration to geographically isolated places
Term
Genetic Drift
Definition
change in the gene pool of a population due to chance.
Term
Descent with Modification
Definition
process by which descendants of ancestral organisms spread into various habitats and accumulate adaptations to diverse ways of life.
Term
Carolus Linnaeus
Definition
created the system of classification commonly used today. It consists of a two-part Latin name for a species along with Latin names for other orders like order.
Term
Binomial Nomenclature
Definition
two-part Latin name for a species. First part in Genus, the second part is the species.
Term
Scientific Name
Definition
The specific name given to a species based on Carolus Linnaeus’ binomial nomenclature system.
Term
Domains
Definition
broadest category used to classify life forms.
Term
Kingdoms
Definition
highest classification of organisms in the taxonomic level
Term
Clade
Definition
a set of species from a common ancestral species. Each evolutionary branch in a phylogenetic tree. A leopard and a house cat form a clade.
Term
Levels of Classification
Definition
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
Term
Protists
Definition
eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, a plant, or a fungus.
Term
Protozoa
Definition
animal-like protest; is a heterotroph.
Term
Algae
Definition
plant-like protest; makes its own food by photosynthesis.
Term
Slime Molds
Definition
Plasmodial slime molds are brightly colored, branching growths that could be seen on a decaying log. Cellular slime molds are decomposers that live mainly on decaying organic matter. They go through unicellular and multicellular stages of life where they go from an individual, to a colony, to a spore.
Term
Prokaryote
Definition
cells lacking a nucleus and most other organelles.
Term
Eukaryote
Definition
cell with a nucleus and other internal organelles.
Term
Pseudopods
Definition
temporary extension of a cell’s cytoplasm and plasma membrane; used by certain protozoans in movement and feeding.
Term
Flagella
Definition
long, thin, whip-like structures, with a core of microtubules that enable some cells to move.
Term
Cilia
Definition
short structures projecting from a cell and containing bundles of microtubules that move a cell through its surroundings or move fluid over the cell’s surface.
Term
Consumer
Definition
organism that obtains food by eating producers or other consumers.
Term
Producer
Definition
organism that makes its own food by performing photosynthesis. Producers are the basis of all food chains and food webs.
Term
Decomposer
Definition
organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms.
Term
Food Vacuole
Definition
membrane-bound sac that buds from the endoplasmic reticulum or the Golgi apparatus.
Term
Contractile Vacuole
Definition
A vacuole found in some freshwater organism that pumps out excess water that diffuses into the cellular membrane.
Term
Pigments
Definition
chemical compound that determines a substance’s color.
Term
Locomotion
Definition
any form of movement be it through a flagella, cilia, or pseudopod.
Term
Fermentation
Definition
cellular process of making ATP without oxygen.
Term
Budding
Definition
form of asexual reproduction in some unicellular organism like yeast where a new organism is formed from the bud. This type of reproduction can also be seen in plants and organisms such as jellyfish and sponges.
Term
Absorptive Nutrition
Definition
method by which fungi absorb small organic molecules from their surroundings.
Term
Hyphae
Definition
a thread of cytoplasm; many hyphae together make up the body of a fungus.
Term
Mycelia
Definition
interwoven mat of hyphae that function s as the feeding structure of a fungus.
Term
Spores
Definition
haploid single cell with a thick wall that functions in the dispersal stage in fungal reproduction.
Term
Sporangia
Definition
reproductive structures on a plasmodial slime mold; also called fruiting bodies. They are also spore-forming structures at the tips of fungal hyphae or in ferns.
Term
Mycorrhizae
Definition
symbiotic relationships between fungal hyphae and plant roots.
Term
Lichen
Definition
mutualistic pairing of a fungus and an alga.
Term
Reproductive structure of fungus-
Definition
spores, sporangia, zygosporangium. Sac Fungi have fruiting bodies that form from the joining of 2 different hyphae. Club fungi have spore-producing structures called a basidium which are the large above ground structures that you see.
Term
Antibiotics
Definition
medicine that kills or slows the growth of bacteria
Term
Importance of each group of microbes
Definition
Fungi are the decomposers of the environment and they return nutrients back to the environment so they can be reused. Protists can be phytoplankton which are the basis of many oceanic food chains. Some fungi can be used in medicine and some protists can be used to created medicine/antibiotics.
Term
Virus
Definition
package of nucleic acid wrapped in a protein coat that must use a host cell’s machinery to reproduce itself.
Term
Virus parts
Definition
DNA and a protein coat.
Term
Lysogenic Cycle
Definition
a viral reproductive cycle in which the viral DNA is added the host cell’s DNA and is copied along with the host cell’s DNA.
Term
Lytic Cycle
Definition
a viral reproductive cycle in which copies of a virus are made within a host cell, which then bursts open, releasing new viruses.
Term
Vaccines
Definition
dose of a disabled or destroyed pathogen used to stimulate a long-term immune defense against the pathogen. A weakened form of the virus is given to the person so their immune system can build up immunity to the virus.
Term
Viral Diseases
Definition
HIV, influenza, polio, smallpox, chickenpox, common cold, mumps, measles.
Term
Beneficial Uses of Prokaryotes
Definition
making food (bread), cleaning up the environment, medications, bodily functions of almost all organisms.
Term
Gram Stain
Definition
Method for identifying bacteria. Bacteria are washed with a violet dye that stains the bacteria. The violet dye is then washed off and pink dye is added. If the bacteria are purple, then they are Gram+ because they have a thick cell wall and retain the purple dye. If the bacteria are pink, they are Gram- because their membranes are thinner. Doctors use this method to prescribe the correct antibiotics to patients.
Term
Cocci
Definition
spherical bacteria
Term
Bacilli
Definition
rod-shaped bacteria
Term
Spirochetes
Definition
spiral shaped bacteria
Term
Angiosperm
Definition
a flowering plant.
Term
Gymnosperm
Definition
plant that bears seeds that are not enclosed in an ovary
Term
Bryophytes
Definition
include mosses and their relatives that are sometimes described as nonvascular plants because they lack the lignin-hardened vascular tissue found in vascular plants. Don’t have true roots; instead they have rhizoids which function in absorbing moisture and attaching the moss to a surface. The gametophyte is dominant generation.
Term
Pteridophyte
Definition
member of a group of seedless vascular plants with lignin-hardened support tissues that includes ferns. Sporophyte is the dominant generation. Male and female structures are located on same gametophyte and the gametophyte forms from a haploid spore produced in the sporangia of the sporophyte generation.
Term
Vascular
Definition
have lignin-hardened vascular tissue that helps in water/nutrient transportation within a plant.
Term
Non-Vascular
Definition
plants that have no vascular tissue to move nutrients and water throughout the plant.
Term
Veins
Definition
carry water to parts of the leaf and also transport sugars from the leaf to the stem where the phloem then takes the sugars to the rest of the plant
Term
Blade
Definition
increases leaf's surface area allowing for more photosynthesis to occur
Term
Petiole
Definition
stalk that connects a leaf to a plant stem
Term
Carpel
Definition
makes up the female reproductive organs (consists of stigma, style, and ovary)
Term
Stamen
Definition
consists of the male reproductive organs (anther, filament)
Term
Sepal
Definition
cover and protect the flower bud before the blossom opens
Term
Petals
Definition
often very colorful and function in attracting insects so pollination can occur
Term
Anther
Definition
sac on top of filament that produces spores through meiosis that eventually develop into pollen grains
Term
Filament
Definition
stalk the anther is on
Term
Stigma
Definition
sticky tip of the style
Term
Style
Definition
narrow structure that leads to the ovary
Term
Ovary
Definition
the protective organ inside flowers the bears seeds
Term
Positive Tropism
Definition
tropism causes the plant to grow toward the stimulus.
Term
Tropism
Definition
growth response that causes parts of a plant to grow toward or away from a stimulus
Term
Negative Tropism
Definition
the tropisms causes the plant to grow away from the tropism
Term
Phototropism
Definition
the growth of a plant part toward or away from light.
Term
Thigmotropism
Definition
a change in plant growth due to touch (ex. a plant curling around a wire to grow taller)
Term
Hydrotropism
Definition
the tendency for an organism to grow towards (or away from) water.
Term
Gibberellins
Definition
a growth hormone that causes a wide variety of effects. One role is to stimulate growth of stems by promoting cell division. Used by farmers to make fruit grow larger.
Term
Seed
Definition
plant embryo packaged along with a food supply within a protective coat.
Term
Fruit
Definition
ripened ovary of a flower
Term
Xylem
Definition
vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots of plants to the shoots
Term
Phloem
Definition
vascular tissue that transports food from a plant’s leaves to its roots and other parts
Term
Meristem
Definition
structure that generates new dermal, vascular, and ground tissue in a plant.
Term
Dermal Tissue
Definition
makes up the epidermis
Term
Vascular Tissue
Definition
transports water, mineral nutrients, and organic molecules between roots/shoots. Makes up the xylem and the phloem.
Term
Ground Tissue
Definition
makes up most of young, non-woody plants and aids in photosynthesis in the shoot. The ground tissue of the root is mainly the cortex
Term
Tropics
Definition
regions between 23.5 degrees N latitude and 23.5 degrees S latitude; warmest temperature zones on Earth
Term
Polar Zones
Definition
the regions north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle that receive the smallest amount of direct sunlight year-round
Term
Temperate Zones
Definition
latitudes between the tropics and polar regions in each hemisphere
Term
Photic Zone
Definition
regions of a body of water where light penetrates, enabling photosynthesis
Term
Aphotic Zone
Definition
deep areas of a body of water where light levels are too low to support photosynthesis
Term
Carrying Capacity
Definition
number of organisms in a population that an environment can maintain.
Term
Limiting Factor
Definition
condition that restricts a population’s growth, such a space, disease, and food availability.
Term
Exponential Growth
Definition
growth of a population that multiplies by a constant factor at constant time intervals.
Term
Predator
Definition
interaction in which one organism eats another
Term
Prey
Definition
organism that is eaten or hunted by the predator
Term
Symbiotic relationships
Definition
a close interaction between species in which one of the species lives in or on the other.
Term
Parasitism
Definition
relationship in which one organism, the parasite, obtains its food at the expense of another organism, the host.
Term
Mutualism
Definition
both organisms benefit from the symbiotic relationship. Ex. is lichen
Term
Commensalism
Definition
relationship in which one organism benefits, while the other organism is neither harmed nor helped significantly
Term
Carbon-Oxygen Cycle
Definition
The movement of carbon and oxygen through the environment. Involves respiration, photosynthesis, decomposition, burning of oxygen, and plants and animals.
Term
Nitrogen Cycle
Definition
The recycling of nitrogen in the environment in which nitrogen goes from a gas, to organic compounds in the soil, to proteins in a plant or nitrates, and then is again released into the atmosphere as a gas
Term
Water Cycle
Definition
Movement of water through the environment that involves transpiration, evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff
Term
Biodiversity
Definition
variety of life on Earth
Term
Introduced Species
Definition
species moved by humans to new geographic areas, either intentionally or accidentally
Term
Ecological Succession
Definition
series of changes in the species in a community, often following a disturbance.
Term
Population Density
Definition
number of individuals of a particular species per unit area or volume
Term
Autotroph
Definition
organism that makes its own food
Term
Heterotroph
Definition
organism that obtains food by eating other organisms
Term
Food Chain
Definition
pathway of food transfer from one trophic level to another.
Term
Food Web
Definition
pattern of feeding in an ecosystem consisting of interconnected and branching food chains
Term
Population
Definition
group of individuals of the same species living in a particular area at the same time
Term
J-curve
Definition
the curve that appears when graphing populations that undergo exponential growth
Term
S-curve
Definition
the curve of the data that appears when graphing populations that increase to carrying capacity
Term
Adaptation
Definition
inherited characteristic that improves an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment
Term
Prey Adaptation
Definition
examples are warning coloration, mimicry, and camouflage
Term
Primary Succession
Definition
process by which a community arises in a virtually lifeless area with no soil
Term
Secondary Succession
Definition
change following a disturbance hat damages an existing community but leaves the soil intact
Term
Herbivore
Definition
consumer that only eats producers
Term
Carnivore
Definition
consumer that only eats other consumers
Term
Trophic Level
Definition
feeding level in an ecosystem
Term
Detritus
Definition
wastes and remains of dead organisms
Term
Biomass
Definition
organic material manufactured by producers
Term
Energy Pyramid
Definition
diagram representing energy loss from one trophic level to the next.
Term
Food Pyramid
Definition
a diagram that depicts the energy flow in an ecosystem. Producers are on the bottom while consumers are on the higher levels of the pyramid
Term
Pyramid of Numbers
Definition
representation of the number of individual organisms in each trophic level of an ecosystem
Term
Photosynthesis
Definition
process by which plants convert the energy from the sun to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars
Term
Cellular Respiration
Definition
chemical process that uses oxygen to convert chemical energy stored in organic molecules into ATP
Term
Anaerobic
Definition
without oxygen
Term
Aerobic
Definition
requiring oxygen
Term
Anaerobic Fermentation
Definition
makes ATP without using oxygen when respiration cannot be performed.
Term
ATP
Definition
stands for adenosine triphosphate. It is the main energy source that cells use for most of their work
Term
ADP
Definition
stands for adenosine diphosphate. It is a lower form of ATP that is involved in the production and storing of energy
Term
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Definition
an anaerobic process whereby enzymes break down glucose into lactic acid and transfer energy to ATP
Term
Potential Energy
Definition
energy that is stored due to an object’s position or arrangement
Term
Kinetic Energy
Definition
energy of motion
Term
Solar Energy
Definition
energy from the sun
Term
Chemical Energy
Definition
potential to perform work due to the arrangement of atoms within molecules
Term
Alcoholic Fermentation
Definition
transformation of sugar into alcohol and carbonic gas
Term
Glucose
Definition
a simple sugar that is produced by photosynthesis. It is the main source of energy for the body
Term
Oxygen
Definition
colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that most organisms need to survive
Term
Carbon Dioxide
Definition
gas that is a byproduct of respiration. Plants need it to perform photosynthesis
Term
Chlorophyll
Definition
pigment that gives a chloroplast its green color; uses light energy to split water molecules during photosynthesis
Term
Visible Spectrum
Definition
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet. The colors of light that we can visibly see without the aid of technology
Term
ecological succession
Definition
more-or-less predictable and orderly changes in the composition or structure of an ecological community
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