• Sheperd's crook
• Flail
• Bull's tail
• Royal Beard
• Uraeus Serpent 
• Nemes Headdress
• 2 Crowns: White Upper, Red lower

• 2630-2611
• Ruled in saqqara 
• Famous for step pyramid

• 2630-2611, found in Serdab (facing tomb),  
• Made of Limestone, eyes made of crystals, lize size, brightly colored, decorative beard, hieroglyphs on base, symmetry except for arms, headress
• Locked into throne, one arm on thigh, one across body, holding crook or flail, slightly clothed (tight fitting) jubilee festival, 

• Marks 30 years of pharaohs rule
• Called festival of the tail, (bulls tail---> strength)
• honors the pharaohs strength
• Pharaoh shoots 4 arrows for N/S/E/W
• Had to run around the borders of the sacred space 4 times, was bull chasing? Was it representing the sun god circling?

• Relief in Djoser's tomb, raised slightly off surface, running in short kilt, holding flail (used for grain and used for whipping people), white bowling pin upper egypt, ceremonial beard, hawk carrying ankh, Hawk= Horis protector of Pharaoh

• 2530-2494 pyramid builder, made of basalt (dhyrite), 6 feet high, Found in 1860 in a pit with 10 other royal statues
• Nemese Headdress, ceremonial beard broken, symmetrical, articulated musculature, both arms on legs, legs attached to seat for permanence, papyrus/lotus together (sema tawy), falcon (horus) behind him attached to head, wings are sheltering the pharaoh, lions foot for the throne base 

• Menkaure Khamerenbty, 2490-2472, found 1910, valley temple of Giza, basalt, stone left between figures, visited during festival, eternally youthful
• Inscription of her being mistress of upper/lower egypt, embracing him, facial features similar to both, long tight dress, can see genitals, thick ankles, feet flat, evidence of color
• Man standing with NH and CB, left leg forward, hands at side with either shepards crook or flail, short kilt, ideal body, perfect symmetry, rectangular block for knee cap and sharp shin bone, left leg is longer, 

• Menkaure/Hathor/Personification of Nome 2460 BC
• Hathor- w/ antlers, sun between antlers, bovine look, agriculture goddesss, Maybe used to rep importance of Hathor temples and their production of milk/meat. seen at festivals. Second largest
• Nome- Also looks like queen, tight dress, smallest, inscription identifies nome as jackal, Purpose to say that this nome will provide food/goods to mortiuary temple
• Menkaure- WCUE, CB, small kilt, left leg forward, tallest, physique, holding flail/crook, stepping more forward than women 

• Palette of Narmer Side left, 2990 BC, 23 inches tall, Schist, pigment grind
• Thought to be pharaoh who united, UCE, huge scale, mace bout to strike captive (metaphorical), Horus is on grove w/ human holding tongue of person under marsh, reps conquer of LE by UE
• Organized by ground lines, dead enemies under his smiting, absolute symmetry at top- two hathors at either side and hieroglyph in the middle. Box is narmers name in serekh. Catfish= nar, chisel=mer. Box also features symbolic representation of kings palace

• 23 inches, schist, palette or narmer 2990 Bc, right front side
• RCUE for unification, Huge scale, men marching towards dead enemies, carrying banners, enemies heads cut off, tells us how many enemies--- 600
• Nudity, enemy at bottoms is nude as well as bull---> what does this mean?
• Relief of city at bottom next to bull...is this the final city?

Egyptian Gods/Goddesses 

• Head god changed based on who was in power
• Amun, Crowned god, crown had grooves to accept varnished ostrich feathers, form of ram
• Ra- form of falcon w/ solar disk on head
• Amun-re- form of ram/falcon, both gods represented
• Min- phallic form, less well known due to protestant bias, god of fertility
• Amun-min- combination of both gods, combination proves whroship more imprtant than personality of gods

• Ma'at
• 1st force of nature
• Represents force of balance and justice
• Can be personified as goddess
• Considered the most important force of nature
• Ostrich feather= representation

• Book of the dead, no specific book, 114 utterances have been found, personalized
• People buy which utterances they want on tomb
• Most common is utterance of negation (cover)
• "I have not lied, cheated, stole, etc"
• Represented by heart being weighed on scale w/ Ma'at feather
• If your heart is not balanced, dog thing will eat you

• It is the power to affect things
• Pharaohs get it through rituals (do rituals all day long)
• intellect/ speech
• Seen as both physical and natural force
• Can be personified as man or child

• Symbol is the flag, Nature of god or gods (netcherue)
• Also viewed as purification
• Natron= salt, comes from word netcher, seen as purification, used for mumification

• 1/6 components of self, the personality of the person, represented by bird with human head, can leave body and fly away, Not physical- gods, humans, and objects have bas
• the sun is the ba of ra
• the pyramid can be the ba of whoever rests there

The Ka

• Life force, you are dead when it leaves you
• Most connected to deity, piece of a god
• Ka is life force, grave goods fuel it

The Akh

• Union of Ka and Ba in afterlife
• Needed proper funeral+constant funerary offerings
• ritual of opening mouth to allow spirit to be akh
• If akh is not maintained then it will be angry/vengeful and do harm before fading away
• You can befriend a good akh

The Ib

• At most funerary places
• Represents heart/ place of emotion and intelligence (modern day brain)
• Brain thought to just produce mucus

The Ren

• The name of the person/reputation
• The more you say an akh's name the happier it will be and the more power you have over it
• Baby can't exist until it has a Ren
• Royal names so important they ahd to be contained and protected by rope tied around their name (cartouche)
• When you remove someones name from a tomb you weaken them. This is a terrible offense

The Sheut

• Shadow
• Known as representation/image of person
• Similar to Ren----> you live if name/shadow is remembered 
• You remove image of person form tomb you weaken them. Terrible offense

Predynastic Egypt

• 5000-->2900BCE
• Early Dynasties start circa 2972--2793 BCE
• Upper takes over Lower
• Pharaonic Lasts 2972--332
• Lots of rapid growth and development and hardly any during dynastic period 

Principles of Egyptian Art

• Composite View-- Rigid frontality or profile view
• legs/body/head/arms facing profile
• Shoulder/Torso in frontality view
• This is the most characteristic view of the body
• Hierarchy of scale
• Nudity is rare
• uses whole space
• ground lies
• Hieroglyphs

• Tomb 100 of Hierakonpolis circa 3500--3200 BCE, Upper Egypt
• Inside plastered white wash w/ yellow printed over
• Frescoes are landscapes to remind the deceased of their life
• Boats Large (HOS), structures piled on boats, some fighting, some animals on wheels, master of animals (person with two animals rearing on on them---> divinity), Bird Deity ( women with arms curved upwards and no legs)

• Possible Arch= Imhotep, Oriented North/South, Center is step pyramid proper (D)
• Funerary Temple attached to step pyr for Funerary whorship (cult) (E)
• 3 Open courtyards next to pyr (South C) (North Duh) (Heb-Sed court J)
• Heb-Sed Court honors past Jubilee (possible Mummification Place)
• South Tomb (B) for wife or staff, south tomb funerary Temp (A)
• Lots of Storage west pyramid proper (C), Religious temples east (K/G)
• Robbing Hall (H)
• Tall Limestone walled in, interior spaces were columnades, columns had papyrus blossoms
• 460X400 Feet, 197 foot tall pyramid, staircase to heavens or sun. Wall is a mile around

• Mastabas Tomb, Prior to step pyramid (these leveld on top of eachother)
• Early tombs
• Burial chambers underground
• Symbolical rep of dirt mound where land is fertile
• stacked up
• Use to be made of mudbrick, changed to limestone

• "Bent" Pyramid of Sneferu Circa 2613-2589 BCE
• Still has molding/casing on outside
• Lower walls 52 degrees, upper walls 30 degrees because the steep sides were cracking
• Small satellite pyramid
• Eastern "chapel" attached
• Causeway roofed with paintings leads to mortuary temple

• Khufu, Khafre, Menkaure
• Lots of burials around them
• Small satelites for wifes/friends
• west/east cem for gov officials, boat pits, valley temps
• Harbor near by
• Limestone caused them to sparkle
• shape due to sun's rays making ramps, sun burst turned to stone
• Pharaoh ascends to heave on sun's rays

• Khufu's 2600-2550
• 481 feet tall, base covers 13.1 acres
• Measured so carefully clearance is only 8 inches off. Perfectly square at base
• Layed out NSEW
• Uneven base
• 2.3 mil stone blocks vary from 1 ton to 15 tons 

• A.) Simple straight up to base (would have to reach way too long)
• B.) Ramp that hugs four sides (Turns too narrow to manuever blocks
• C.) Straight ramp from A mixed with one turn from A

• 240 feet long, 60 feet tall
• Carved on gnoll and reshaped----> not built
• Face= head of pharaoh, lion body, lion linked to royalty
• Odd because usually see animal head on human body, sphynx is human head on animal body

• One w/ Sphynx 
• circa 2575-2525 BCE

• Khafre's valley temple
• Where they took stones from harbor to pyramid
• 26 seated statues of khafre
• Entry court to causeway to mortuary temple
• Mastabas around for gov officials
• Copper/bronze tools for carving

• Statue of pepy 1st or 2nd, circa 2338-2298 BCE
• From temple of hierakonpolis
• Made of Copper
• Not funerary statue, mini copper statue inside (slave or worker maybe?)
• Copper Sphyrelaton (copper sheets hammered together w/ hollow wood core)
• Hand out, left is bent holding staff or spear
• Some of head is gone
• White eyes with black pupils 
• Can't tell if finely modeled due to decay

• Statue of Pepy 1st with Horus, Calcite, Circa 2338-2298 BCE
• Enthroned 20 inches tall, hawk of Horus on chair, flail/crook crossed in arms
• WCUE, Osiris has arms crossed, Insignia of the palace Serankh
• Sema toway on side of throne
• Legs not connected to the throne---> softer to carver, less chance of breaking, smaller

• Found in unknown provence, Saqqara? Circa 2230 BCE
• Alabaster (similar to calcite)
• Pepy on Queen's lap, pepy looks like mini adult not child
• Inscriptions on sides
• Not much affection, hand on hand
• Back of throne not there---> did not need support because of size (15 cm)
• Child at right angle to queen, foot rests 90 degrees to eachother
• Ureus snake
• Modeled after statue of goddess Isis and Horus

• Hesyre as scribe
• Saqqara Found, Circa 2600 BCE, wooden panel had to be imported
• 11 of them
• Maybe physician instead of scribe, wood survived in dry environment, Hieroglyphs tell his life and name
• Composite form
• Striations on kilt, slim waist, atheltic (why?), 
• Carrying staff+ ink pot and writing instruments

• Princess Nefertiabet, Tomb in Giza, Circa 2530 BCE, Limestone
• Tons of Hieroglyphs raised from background, chair has animal legs, table of offerings
• Hieroglyphs bordered like shelves
• Dress falling off one shoulder, not tight on 
• One hand held over breast
• Dress looks like leopard print

• Rahotep and Nefert, Circa 2550 BCE from tomb of rahotep in Medurn
• Painted limestone with inlaid eyes (crystalline material), vibrantly painted (workers fled when it was unearthed, worried they had presence), Mustache!
• Enthroned, right hands over chest, nipples on Nerfert show, skin pale on Nefert, hair parted on head with head band, nice diadem
• Rahotep is darker skinned

Ankhura 

• Seated ship builder
• Circa 2650 BCE
• Provenance unknown, pink granite---> hard to carve
• seated statue bound to chair
• right hand on right leg
• small kilt
• Left hand is crossed on chest holding ship builders tool

• Seated scribe circa 2450 BCE, painted limestone with inlaid eyes, seated cross legged on base, both have scroll on lap open, both holding writing tool (or used to), Both have dark eyes, a little more fat, softer arms
• look more unique than Pharaoh
• 2 feet tall
• attention to upper lips, nostrils, marks of age, dimples

• Seated statues of Kadep and Hetepheres, Circa 2300 BCE
• Provenance unknown
• Painted limestone
• Faces the same 
• She has her arm around him
• Seated on throne
• Less attention to detail, less specific faces

• Seneb and his family, Tomb at Giza (Seneb's), Circa 2450
• Painted Limestone
• Seneb was dwarf, kids below throne standing up more kid looking
• No back to throne, wife has arm around him, wife normal size
• Boy has hair to one side this is the Horus Locke
• Seneb w/ kilt, wife w/ long tight dress
• Family= wealth because they can sustain family