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Definition
branches off of cell body
receives/gathers messages from other cells |
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Definition
run from cell body to effector.
delivers information |
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Definition
wrapped around axons for insulation
specialized extensions of the plasma membrane
aid graded potentials and block action potentials
increase conduction velocity |
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Term
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Definition
located in PNS,
type of myelin that covers one axon, and only one section of that axon. |
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Term
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Definition
cover several axons and several parts of the axons
located in CNS |
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Definition
breaks in myelin covering;
expose axon to interstitial fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| cells supporting neurons physically and metabolically |
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Term
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Definition
type of glial cell
macrophage-like cells (eat other cells)
serve an immune function: like police, make sure "bad guys" don't get to neurons |
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Term
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Definition
type of glial cell
line the cavity, produce and regulate fluid |
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Term
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Definition
type of glial cell
regulate extracellular composition
removes K+ and neurotransmitters so we have single. discreet messages
blood-brain barrier
provide metabolic support
neural growth |
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Term
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Definition
info direction: from receptor (or stimulus)
parts in PNS: cell body--most of axon
parts in CNS: small axon |
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Term
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Definition
info direction: to effector (e.g. muscle, gland, or neuron)
parts in PNS: most of axon
parts in CNS: small axon, cell body, dendrite |
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Term
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Definition
info direction: relays (e.g. afferent to efferent)
parts in PNS: none
parts in CNS: all (by definition-- interneuron defines CNS) |
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Term
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Definition
| more presynaptic neurons going to less post-synaptic neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| less presynaptic neurons going towards more postsynaptics-- expanding out |
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Term
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Definition
| electrical charge separation across plasma membrane due to distribution of charged components (in most cells, inside=more negative, outside=more positive) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sodium wants to go inside of cell because inside is more negative |
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Term
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Definition
voltage across membrane
summation of equilibrium potential of all ions |
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Term
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Definition
| the voltage at which electrical and concentration gradients for a compound are balanced |
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Term
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Definition
any change in Vm
local change in ion flow (only in area where we allow permeability to be changed--around ion channel, for example) |
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Definition
| cell is less negative--stimulating the cell |
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Definition
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Definition
| cell is more negative; inhibiting the cell |
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Term
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Definition
occur in excitable cells, caused by graded potentials
quick, large changes in Vm
all-or-none event |
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Term
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Definition
| Vm (voltage across membrane) required to activate Na+ channels |
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Term
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Definition
action potentials only at nodes of ranvier
jump to next node via graded potentials.
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Term
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Definition
| aka stimulatory = depolarizing --drives membrane potential closer to threshold, more liekly to reach it |
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Definition
| hyperpolarizing; drives membrane potential farther from threshold--less likely to reach it. |
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Term
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Definition
"summing over time"
where input signals arrive from the same presynaptic cell at different times. |
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Term
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Definition
"summing over space"
two inputs occur at different locations on the same cell. |
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Term
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Definition
aka cerebrum
voluntary movement, language, learning, memory |
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Term
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Definition
| (outer shell)clustered, interneurons/cell bodies = nuclei |
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Term
| white matter (or cerebrum) |
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Definition
| (inner layer)=axons--myelin is white, oligodendrocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| four fluid filled chambers located in the brain |
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Definition
| massive bundle of axons--connects right and left hemispheres and allows for communication between the two |
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Definition
| name for hypothalamus and thalamus |
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Definition
| major relay station of motor control, crude sensation |
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Definition
| homeostatic regulation-- links nervous and endocrine system |
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Definition
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Definition
| controls balance, muscle tone and coordination |
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Definition
| key to life. controls cardiac, respiratory and digestive (swallowing and vomiting) function |
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Term
| gray matter on spinal cord |
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Definition
located on inside of spinal cord
interneurons, cell bodies & dendrites of efferent neurons, axons of afferent neurons, glials |
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Term
| white matter in spinal cord |
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Definition
located on the outside of spinal cord
bidirectional (connections coming in and out-- ventral=efferent, dorsal=afferent_ |
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Term
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Definition
sensory=afferent; motor=efferent
dorsal=afferent; ventral=efferent |
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Term
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Definition
neurotransmitter than controls cognition, behavior, glands and organs
rapidly destroyed by acetylcholinesterase |
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Term
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Definition
regulates automatic, visceral responses
has two opposing systems, sympathetic and parasympathetic (gas and brake) |
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Term
| sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
function: fight-or-flight (gas)
ganglion location: spinal cord
pre-neurotransmitter: ACh
post-neurotransmitter: norepinephrine, epinephrine |
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Term
| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
function: rest and regroup (brakes)
ganglion location: effector organ
pre & post neurotransmitter: ACh |
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Term
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Definition
| purpose: to detect and relay information about the environment to the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| pick up differences in pressure or stretch. |
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Term
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Definition
| pick up differences in pressure or stretch. |
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Term
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Definition
| register changes in light waves (aka photons) |
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Definition
| register changes in temperature |
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Definition
| pick up changes in chemicals (smell, taste, etc) |
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Definition
| detect painful stimuli (e.g. heat or tissue damage) |
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Definition
| intensity + location (of stimulus) |
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Definition
| taking a sense (information about the environment) and turning it into a message |
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Term
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Definition
| information from afferent neurons whose receptors are at the edge of a stimulus are strongly inhibited (hyperpolarized) compared to information from the stimulus's center. |
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Term
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Definition
info comes from skin, muscles, joints and tendons
use free or modified afferent terminals
thermo-, mechano-, and nociceptors |
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Term
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Definition
projection of parts of you in your cortex-- spatially-related positioning
aka homunculus |
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Term
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Definition
information comes from sound waves
picked up by stereocilia
path for sound |
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Term
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Definition
cochlear hairs that code for amplitude/loudness -- the greater the amplitude the greater the bend of the hair
frequency/pitch depends on which stereocilia are activated (base or apex or the cochlea) |
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Term
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Definition
information comes from head position and motion
- semicircular canals use movement of water to show rotation with direction
- otoliths (rocks that roll with gravity) and utricle & saccule |
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Term
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Definition
information comes from energy waves
photoreceptors
cornea and lens focus image
retina tranforms energy into a signal |
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Term
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Definition
info comes from dissolved chemicals
chemoreceptors--taste and smell |
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Term
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Definition
salty: Na+ channels
sweet: sugars bind to receptors
bitter: various substances bind
sour: H+ blocks K+ channels
umami: msg/glutamate binds (makes food more flavorful) |
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