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Definition
-the study of the distribution and abundance of organisms and the factors and interactions that determine them.
- 1687
- where are they at, how many are there, and why
- Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem |
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Definition
- developed early human statistical and census methods
- Natural and Political Observations made upon the Bills of Mortality (1662) |
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Definition
- population growth
- the father of microbiology, considered the first microbiologist |
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Definition
- invented Farr's rule(relationship between the density of the
population and the death rate) |
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Definition
1756
Population Regulation |
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Definition
1798
Population Regulation |
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Definition
1835
Population Regulation |
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Definition
1838
Population Regulation |
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| Edward Forbes , H.C. Cowles |
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Definition
1887, 1899
community regulation and succession |
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Term
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Definition
1908
mathematical model of the spread of infectious disease (systems analysis) |
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| A.G. Tansley, F. E. Clements, Charles Elton |
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Definition
1904, 1905, 1927
some of the founders of modern ecology |
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Term
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Definition
non-living chemical and physical factors
(temperature, light, nutrients, water) |
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Definition
living (biological)factors
(other organisms, competition, predation) |
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Definition
- A single individual of a single species
- Behaviors, Environmental physiology,
Morphology |
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Definition
- Individuals of the same species living in the same geographical area
- Factors that affect population size and
composition |
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Definition
- 2 or more populations living in the same
geographical area
- Interactions among Organisms |
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Definition
- Comprising the community, together with its physical environment
- Energy flow and cycling of nutrients amongabiotic and biotic components |
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Definition
Probability levels
- measures the strength of conclusions drawn
- If P is less than 0.05 (5%), then results are described as statistically significant. |
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Definition
- the average atmospheric conditions found over time (temperature, precipitation, wind velocity)
- varies due to differing amounts of solar energy |
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Definition
- climate determines the distribution of biomes
- Terrestrial biomes are determined based on the structure of their dominant vegetation
Aquatic Biomes are determined by physical/chemical differences
- In each biome, vegetation may have similar traits, but may not be evolutionary closely related |
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Term
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Definition
- Move organism to see if it can survive and reproduce in new environment
- follow through at least 1 complete generation
success = potential range is larger than actual range
unsuccessful = potential range is the same as the actual range |
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Term
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Definition
Potential Range of Species is larger than actual range
- lacks means of transport (dispersion)
- can move but chooses not to (habitat selection
- area is inaccessible or does not recognize as livable environment |
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Term
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Definition
potential range is the same as the actual range
- limits imposed by other species (predators, competitors, disease, parasites)
- positive effects on interdependent species |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of organisms from one location to another |
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Definition
Organisms can move but choose not to live in certain habitats
- occupy territory you can defend |
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Definition
When 2 or more organisms or species that exploit the same kinds of limited resources, live in the same geographical area
- Intraspecific - competition within a species
- Interspecific - competition between two different species |
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Term
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Definition
| When species A is absent, Species B lives in a wider range of habitats |
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Definition
(UCSB) pioneer of experimental marine
ecology, British coast (1961) |
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Definition
- direct consumption of prey
- behavior modifications of prey in presence of predators |
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Definition
- the number of organisms per unit area or volume
1.total counts -count all individuals
2.sampling methods - sub sample to estimate
3.indirect indicators - nests, fecal droppings, tracks |
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Term
| Simple Population Growth Model |
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Definition
Nt = No + B - D + I - E
Nt = number of individuals in pop at time t
No = number of individuals in pop at time 0
B = number of individuals born
D = number of individuals that died
I = number of individuals that immigrated
E = number of individuals that emigrated |
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Term
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Definition
dN/dt = rN
- dN/dt - rate of change of the number of individuals
- r - intrinsic growth rate (per capita birth rate - per capita death rate)
- N - Number of individuals
- t - time |
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Term
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Definition
exponential growth limited by resources
dN/dt = rN[(K - N)/K]
only accurate when
- environment is constant
- no predators
- no competition |
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Definition
| The maximum population size that an environment can support |
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Definition
At equilibrium, the population does not change unless disturbed
- if perturbed, population will return to initial density
- stabilizing forces dampen population fluctuation |
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Definition
- if perturbed, population may not return to initial density
- destabilizing forces enhance population fluctuation |
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Definition
| population is divided into discrete sub populations that fluctuate do to immigration and emigration |
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Term
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Definition
| r - (per capita birth rate - per capita death rate) |
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Term
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Definition
Both species benefit from the association
- zebra and tick birds
- sea anemone and clown fish |
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Term
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Definition
one species benefits from the association while the other is unaffected
- cockroach and human |
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Term
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Definition
both species are harmed from the association
- Hyena and Lion |
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Term
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Definition
| One species benefits from the association, while the other is harmed |
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Term
| Lotka - Volterra competition model |
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Definition
Species 1 - dN1/dt1 = r1N1[(K1 - N1)/K1]
Species 2 - dN2/dt2 = r2N2[(K2 - N2)/K2]
combined
1 : dN1/dt1 = r1N1[(K1 - N1 - a12N2)/K1] |
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Term
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Definition
1932
- Competition between two species of yeast |
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Term
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Definition
| (n -dimension hypervolume) the multitude of conditions that an organism can survive and multiply |
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Term
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Definition
| where an organism actually exists due to ecological restraint |
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Definition
if a12 < 1 :species 2 has less of an effect on species 1 that species one has on itself
if a12 > 1 : species 2 has a greater effect on species one than it has on itself |
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Term
| Competitive Exclusion Principle |
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Definition
| No two organisms can occupy the same ecological niche simultaneously (complete competitors cannot coexist) |
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Term
| Lotka - Volterra Predator - Prey Model |
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Definition
prey population :dN/dt = = r N - (a P N)
a - search and attack efficiency of predator
P - number of predators
predator populatoin :dN/dt = = f a P N - q P
q - mortality rate
f - efficiency of turning food into offspring |
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Definition
| the Number of species in a community |
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Definition
| The relative abundance of species in a community |
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Definition
| the Diversity of species in a community |
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