Term
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Definition
| shows hypotheses about evolutionary relatedness |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolutionary distance will generally _____ since time of last common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| for our purposes, we want the focus of our phylogeny to be _______ |
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Term
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Definition
the majority of new phylogenetic trees
use some kind of _______:
nucleotides of DNA or RNA; amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| The Order _______ also includes humans, lemurs, monkeys and apes |
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Term
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Definition
| gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimps, and humans fall under this subclass of primates |
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Term
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Definition
| humans (hominoids) ancestors are the ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| In genus _____ we see brain size increase, tool use, hunting, and fire use |
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Term
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Definition
| A species of _______ gave rise to the genus Homo |
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Term
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Definition
| Anatomically modern humans appeared about ____ years ago |
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Term
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Definition
| modern humans likely ancestors probably referred to as _______ ; Neandertals not ancestral |
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Term
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Definition
small, separate brow ridges
well rounded skull
smaller face with chin present
vertical forehead |
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Term
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Definition
_______ is behavior that is
learned, shared or socially transmitted
Humans have intensified ______ transmission
through teaching |
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Term
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Definition
| Cultural transmission increased substantially as ____ evolved |
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Term
| The Multi-Regional Hypothesis |
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Definition
Hypotheses saying ancestors cannot be traced to single region of origin and that Genetic lineages should trace back farther than 200,000 years
believe populations persist within regions, and with considerable migration |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypotheses saying all ancestors lived in Africa ~200,000 yrs ago, then spread out all over the world |
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Term
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Definition
| type of evidence showing first "modern humans" in africa about 200,000 years ago, and first "modern humans" found outside of africa are about 92,000 years old |
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Term
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Definition
In _______ inheritance, an individual has
two copies of each gene, receiving one copy
(one chromosome) from each parent |
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Term
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Definition
In ________ inheritance, an individual
receives one copy of the gene, from only one
of the 2 parents (a single copy of the
chromosome) |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ genes are passed on only by mothers through the egg |
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Term
| mitochondrial genes; mitochondrial "Eve" |
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Definition
The most famous uniparental lineages
are traced through either ______ genes leading back to _______ ______ |
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Term
| y-chromosome genes; y-chromosomal "Adam" |
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Definition
| The most famous uniparental lineages in males are traced through ________ genes leading back to _______ _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| the most-recent common ancestor of all humans alive on Earth today with respect to matrilineal descent |
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Term
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Definition
_______ is believed to have lived about 140,000 years
ago in what is now Ethiopia, Kenya or Tanzania |
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Term
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Definition
the most-recent common ancestor of all humans alive
on Earth today with respect to patrilineal descent |
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Term
| Multi-Regional hypotheses |
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Definition
| hypotheses that supports: some traits similar to those of H. erectus are found in modern populations but not in African populations |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic and variational data support this hypotheses most |
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Term
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Definition
| hypotheses supporting that ancestors lived in Africa but assimilated some characteristics via some interbreeding with populations of earlier species as they spread |
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Term
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Definition
| hypotheses that predicts similar traits are maintained over time in a region |
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Term
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Definition
| as evidence for the Assimilation Hypotheses, the discovery of the _____ were found to share a common ancestor with Neandertals and 5-7% common genome with modern Melanesians |
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Term
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Definition
| the observable characteristics of an individual organism |
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Term
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Definition
| the genetic makeup of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| type of genetic variation including height, weight, bone dimensions |
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Term
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Definition
| type of genetic variation including blood types, cholesterol levels |
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Term
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Definition
| type of genetic variation including diabetes, cancers, hypertension |
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Term
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Definition
| Temperature, humidity, seasonality, sunlight are all considered _______ factors of environmental variation |
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Term
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Definition
| food & nutrition, activity level, culture, and behavior are all factors of _________ variation |
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Term
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Definition
| humans have about _____ genes, 22 sets of autosomal chromosomes and 1 set of sex chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ are sequences of DNA located at specific locations on the chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
______ are alternative forms of a particular gene
created by _______ of the nucleotide sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| process of turning DNA --> RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| process turning RNA into proteins and amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| a sequence of 3 nucleotides is called a _____ |
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Term
| The Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance |
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Definition
| theory stating the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for patterns of inheritance through chromosome shuffling, recombination, and sex-linked traits |
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Term
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Definition
| ______ chromosomes are a diploid chromosome pair, one from the mother and one from the father, that have the same genes |
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Term
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Definition
| term describing two identical alleles |
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Term
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Definition
| term describing two different alleles |
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Term
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Definition
| Mendels theory stating alleles on homologous chromosomes separate and go individually into gametes; this occurs during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Mendels theory that alleles for genes on different chromosomes segregate independently |
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Term
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Definition
| along with Independent Assortment, with _____ even many genes on the same chromosome do as well |
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Term
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Definition
_______ alleles are expressed whenever present:
homozygous (AA) or heterozygous (Aa) |
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Term
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Definition
| ______ alleles are expressed only as homozygotes (aa) |
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Term
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Definition
| Mendel determined that genetic transmission is due mostly to laws of _______ |
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Term
| random segregation, random assortment, and random combination of egg and sperm |
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Definition
when all 3 of these things are random, the ratios
of offspring phenotypes and genotypes are
completely predictable |
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Term
2^2 for two traits
2^22 for human autosomes |
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Definition
The number of different gametes possible
is determined by the number of chromosomes (n) 2^n gametes.
consider 2 traits, how many gametes?
consider humans with 22 autosomes, how many gametes? |
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Term
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Definition
| Mendelian genetics depends on ______ probabilities, which means individual event occurrences are multiplied |
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Term
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Definition
| achondroplasia & Huntington’s disease are examples of _____ ______ traits |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ is an example of an autosomal recessive disease |
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Term
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Definition
| The alleles for A and B blood types are said to be ____, because both can be expressed in the phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| All genes on the sex chromosomes are said to be ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| this sex-linked disease is said to be due to a lack of pigmentation in cone cells in retina |
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Term
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Definition
Since we can’t do human crossing experiments,
______ offers a method of determining patterns of inheritance. |
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Term
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Definition
| A single gene affects multiple phenotypic characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| More than one gene determines the phenotype of a particular trait (ex. skin pigmentation) |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in chromosome structure or number |
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Term
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Definition
| if a trait has no increased chance in relatives or future children it is considered to be _______ |
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Term
| down syndrome (trisomy-21) |
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Definition
| disease in which risk rises with age of mother after about age 35; for older mothers, the age of the father contributes as we |
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Term
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Definition
_______ is the total collection
of alleles in a population at any one time |
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Term
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Definition
A _______ is the group of potentially
interbreeding individuals in an area |
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Term
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Definition
________ is a change in the relative
frequencies of alleles in a population’s gene
pool |
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Term
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Definition
| the thought that The allele pool of a non-evolving population remains constant over the generations is known as ______ |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
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Definition
The allele pool of a non-evolving population
remains constant over the generations, aka evolutionary stasis, is also known as _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| Hardy-Weinberg is used as a _____ for evaluating whether evolutionary change has occurred |
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Term
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Definition
_______ typically occurs at such a low rate
that it has little or no measurable effect
on overall allele frequencies
It’s prime importance lies in the generation of
genetic variation in the form of new alleles. |
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Term
| Darwin & Wallace's theory of Natural Selection |
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Definition
hypothesis stating If variation in phenotypic traits results in differential survival or reproduction,
and organisms face ecological factors,
then those favorable traits will increase
in frequency in subsequent generations |
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Term
|
Definition
This is an example of:
Evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
The excessive use of antibiotics is leading
to natural selection for resistant bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| graphing directional selection vs. homozygous recessive genotype will show a rapid ______ in the frequency of the recessive allele |
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Term
|
Definition
_______ typically occurs at such a low rate
that it has little or no measurable effect
on overall allele frequencies
It’s prime importance lies in the generation of
genetic variation in the form of new alleles. |
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Term
| disruptive (diversifying) selection |
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Definition
| type of selection that Favoring light or dark phenotypes; selection against Intermediates, or against crosses between types |
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Term
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Definition
| Random change in allele frequencies over time is known as ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| In the Genetic Drift, effects become more important as population size _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| Can lead to a loss of genetic variation, through random elimination of alleles |
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Term
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Definition
| populations that arise from small groups. May have very different allele frequencies, and thus different phenotypic frequencies of certain traits |
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Term
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Definition
| H-W equilibrium assumes that individuals mate ______ within a population |
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Term
| positive-assortative mating |
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Definition
Like marries like: similar individuals mate at
higher than random frequencies
– Results in increased homozygosity
– Fairly common in humans |
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Term
| negative-assortative mating |
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Definition
– Like repels like: similar individuals mate at
lower than random frequencies
– The genetic result is more heterozygotes
– Negative assortative mating is rare in humans |
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Term
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Definition
| very strong positive assortative mating |
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Term
| genetic consequences of inbreeding |
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Definition
| decreased genetic variability, increase in homozygous recessive frequency, recessive alleles exposed to natural selection |
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Term
| social consequences of inbreeding |
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Definition
| concentration of wealth and power, reduction of social ties within other groups |
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Term
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Definition
| in allele flow, migration/dispersal can have major effects on _____ populations |
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Term
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Definition
| In the absence of evolutionary forces, _____ will hold – no change in allele frequencies |
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Term
|
Definition
| Evolutionary forces may be ____ or _____ |
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Term
| mutation, genetic drift, gene flow |
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Definition
Random evolutionary forces include ____,
_____ and some _______ (migration) |
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Term
| gene flow, non-random mating, natural selection |
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Definition
| Directed evolutionary forces include some ______, ________ and _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| ______ can take different forms: directional, stabilizing or disruptive |
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Term
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Definition
| _______ leads to adaptation |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetic drift _____ variation within populations, but ______ it among populations |
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Term
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Definition
| Allele flow _____ variation within populations, but ______ it among populations |
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Term
| both increase/decrease, depending |
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Definition
| natural selection ______ variation within populations and _____ it among populations |
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Term
|
Definition
| directional selection will ______ variation within populations and ____ it among populations |
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Term
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Definition
| stabilizing selection will _____ variation within populations and _____ it among populations |
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Term
|
Definition
| disruptive selection will _____ variations within populations and ______ it among populations |
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Term
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Definition
a group of populations sharing
certain biological traits that makes them distinct
from other groups of populations. |
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Term
|
Definition
Epidermis of non-human primates is _______,
suggesting that this is the ancestral condition |
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Term
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Definition
Selection for better _______ led to
decreased hair and increased number of sweat glands |
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Term
|
Definition
| ______ pigment absorbs and scatters solar radiation |
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Term
|
Definition
Melanin pigment is produced in ________,
a type of skin epidermal cell |
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Term
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Definition
hypotheses stating skin pigmentation has evolved
from light to dark in order to allow for
protection from ultraviolet rays (UV) |
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Term
|
Definition
Tanning is an _____ effect on the
phenotype that supplements the protection
afforded by natural melanin levels |
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Term
| Vitamin D synthesis hypotheses |
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Definition
hypothesis stating Skin pigmentation has evolved
from dark to light in order to allow for the
production of sufficient vitamin D. |
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Term
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Definition
______ is an important nutrient for bone
growth as well as for immune system function. |
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Term
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Definition
vitamin D deficiency causes _______
a pattern of growth abnormalities and bone
deformities, as well as immune system problems |
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Term
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Definition
Requirement for darker skin is likely most
important in regions with very _____ levels of UV-B. |
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Term
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Definition
Requirement for lighter skin is likely most
important in regions with very ______ levels of UV-B. |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme used for 1st 2 steps in melanin synthesis pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for intracellular processing of tyrosinase enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| gene involved in sodium/calcium membrane exchange and amino acid change |
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Term
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Definition
type of selection we would expect to be
operating to change skin color in particular places |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ selection reduces variation within populations |
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