Positive Correlation

two factors increase or decrease together

Negative Correlation

increases in one factor are related to decreases in the other

Development

orderly, adaptive changes we go through from conception to death

Zone of Proximal Development

The difference between what a child can do on his own and what he can do with the assistance of a more capable other

Theory of Mind

understanding that people are people too with their own minds, thoughts, feelings, beliefs, desires, and perceptions

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

the beginning of self-control and self-confidence as children begin to assume responsibility for self-care

disability

the inability to do something specific

I. D. E. A.

guarantees free, appropriate education for all students with disabilities who participate in special education

socioeconomic status

relative standing in society based on income, power, background, and prestige

English Language Learners (ELL)

students whose primary language is not English

positive reinforcement

strengthens the behavior it follows

negative reinforcement

strengthens the behavior by removing an aversive stimulus when the desired behavior occurs

maintenance rehearsal

repeating information over and over in your head

elaborative rehearsal

connecting information with something you already know

critical thinking

evaluating conclusions by logically and systematically examining the problem, evidence, and solution

metacognition

knowledge about our own thinking processes

constructivism

emphasizes the active role of the learner in building understanding and making sense of information

cooperative learning

requires students to work together to attain a shared goal

self-efficacy

a belief or confidence that one can reach a certain goal

cognitive behavior modification

focuses on self-talk to regulate behavior

intrinsic motivation

motivation created by internal factors

learned helplessness

people who come to believe that events and outcomes are mostly uncontrollable

time on task

time spent actively engaged in the learning task at hand

classroom management

techniques used to maintain a positive, productive learning environment

convergent questions

there is only one right answer

divergent questions

there are many possible answers