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Definition
| A persons awareness of feelings, sensations, and thoughts at a given moment. |
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Definition
| A form of consciousness involving fantasies, usually spontaneous, that occurs while a person is awake. |
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Definition
| Internal biological changes that occur on a daily schedule. |
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Term
| What do we call a state of consciousness that can result from the use of alcohol, drugs, or hypnosis? |
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Definition
| Altered State of Consciousness |
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Term
| Where in the brain is our internal clock located? |
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Definition
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Term
| One of the main problems with rotating shifts is that the typical shifts are ________, whereas the body is most able to adapt to shifts that are _________. |
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Definition
| Counterclockwise, Clockwise. |
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Term
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Definition
| Instrument that amplifies and records signals associated with biological changes taken during a night in a sleep laboratory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sleep Stages 1, 2, 3, and 4; NREM sleep consists primarily of Stages 3 and 4 (deep sleep) early in the night and Stage 2 later on. |
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Definition
| Deep sleep of NREM Stages 3 and 4, chracterized by delta waves. |
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| Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep |
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Definition
| Sleep stage chracterized by rapid eye movements, dreams, high levels of brain actiity, and muscle paralysis. |
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Definition
| Sleep disorder chracterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and attacks of muscle weakness (cataplexy) included by emotion, as well as hypnagogic hallucinations; the symptoms are due to the intrusion of REM sleep into waking time. |
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Definition
| Sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep; most prevalent in older, overweight men. |
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Definition
| Sleep disorders, other than insomnia and hypersomnia, that occur more frequently in children and often disappear without treatment. |
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Definition
| A parasomnia that occurs during Stage 4 sleep, usually in children; most often consists of sitting up in bed. |
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Term
| Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) |
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Definition
| The unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant up to age 1 that is not explained by autopsy, medical case information, or an investigation of the death scene. |
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Term
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Definition
| A succession of predominantly visual images experienced during sleep. |
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Term
| Device used to measure Heart Rate |
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Definition
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Term
| Device used to measure Brain Waves |
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Definition
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| Device used for measuring Eye Movements |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Chemicals that affect consciousness, perception, mood, and behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A relatively permanant change in behavior or the potential to make a response that occurs as a result of experience. |
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Term
| Conditioned Stimulous (CS) |
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Definition
| Neutral stimulus that acquires the ability to elicit a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. |
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Term
| Unconditioned Response (UR) |
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Definition
| Reaction that is automatically produced when an unconditioned stimulus is presented. |
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Term
| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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Definition
| Response elicited by a conditioned stimulus that has been paired with an unditioned stimulus; is similar to the unconditioned response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning that occurs when two stimuli- a condtioned stimulus (originally a neutral stimulus) and an unconditioned stimulus- are paired and become associated with each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulus that, before conditioning, does not elicit a particular response. |
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Term
| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) |
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Definition
| Stimulus that automatically produces a response without any previous training. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reappearance of an extinguished CR after the passage of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurence of responses to stimuli that are similar to a CS. |
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Term
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Definition
| Irrational fear of an activity, object, or situation that is out of proportion to the actual danger posed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Motives that are learned or acquired, usually through classical conditioning. |
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Term
| Learned Goals (Incentives) |
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Definition
Goals or incentives that are learned, usually through classical conditioning.
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Term
| What was the CS in the case of Little Albert |
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Definition
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Term
| Taste aversions seem to be specific examples of what type of learning? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Learning that occurs when the participant must make a response to produce a change in the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thorndike's view that reinforcers promote learning, whereas punishers lead to the unlearning of responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Event or stimulus that increases the frequency of the response that it follows. |
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Term
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Definition
| Event or stimulus presented after the target response that increases the likelihood that this response will occur again. |
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Term
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Definition
| Event or stimulus removed after the target response, thereby increasing the likelihood that this response will occur again. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in the frequency of a target behavior (response) that occurs when a behavior is followed by presentation of a positive reinforcer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in the frequency of a target behavior (response) that occurs when a negative reinforcer is removed or terminated; escape conditioning and avoidance conditioning are examples. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulus that has innate reinforcing properties. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulus that acquires reinforcing properties by being associated with a primary reinforcer. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of operant conditioning in which a desired response is taught by reinforcement of successive responses that more closely resemble the target response. |
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Term
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Definition
| A general term for the reduction and elimination of behaviors; in classical conditioning, extinction occurs when repeated presentation of the CS alone leads to a reduction in the strength of the CR; in operant conditioning, extinction occurs when a behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulus or signal telling the participant that responding will be reinforced. |
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Term
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Definition
| Results of a series of operant conditioning trials, shown as rate of responding. |
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Term
| Schedule of Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Preset pattern for delivering reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reinforcement that follows every target response. |
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Term
| Intermittent (or partial) Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Reinforcement that does not follow every target response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is based on the number of responses; the number may be set (FR Schedule) or may vary from one reinforcement to the next (VR schedule). |
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Term
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Definition
| Reinforcement schedule based on the passage of time and in which a single response at the end of the designated interval is reinfoced; intervals may be set (FI schedule) or may vary from one reinforcement to the next (Vi schedule). |
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Term
| In which type of conditioning is the learner's behavior important in bringing about the learning? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the graph that shows the pattern of a rat's responding in a Skinner box? |
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Definition
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Term
| The effect of _____ is to decrease the likelihood or rate of a target response. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the partial reinforcement effect? |
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Definition
| Extinction after partial reinforcement is more difficult. |
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Term
| What two opposing processes are involved in creating discriminative stimuli? |
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Definition
| Discrimination and Generalization |
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Term
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Definition
| Physiological and psychological factors that account for the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unlearned species-specific behaviors that are more complex than reflexes and triggered by environmental events called releasing stimuli. |
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Definition
| Internal motivational state created by a physiological need. |
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Definition
| Theory that views motivated behavior as directed toward the reduction of a physiological need. |
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Definition
| Theory that the body functions best at a specific level of arousal, which varies from one individual to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aversive state produced when an individual holds two incompatible thoughts or cognitions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Maslow's view that basic needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs can be satisfied. |
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Term
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Definition
| Need to develop one's full potential; the highest level of Maslow's hierarchy. |
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Term
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Definition
Self-Actualization Needs
Esteem Needs
Belongingness and Love Needs
Safety Needs
Basic Physiological Needs |
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Term
| Drives serve to activate responses that are aimed at reducting the dive, thereby returning the body to a more normal state called ______. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Body weight of 20% or more in excess of desirable body weight. |
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Term
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Definition
| A numerical index calculated from a person's height and weight that is used to indicate health status and disease risk. |
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Term
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Definition
| A potentially life-threatening eating disorder occuring primarily in adolescent and young adult females; an intense fear of becoming fat leads to self-starvation and weight loss accompanied by a strong belief that one is fat despite objective evidence to the contrary. |
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Term
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Definition
| Eating disorder in which a victim alternatively consumes large amounts of food (gorging) and then empties the stomach (purging), usually by induced vomiting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Manipulation of the environment according to established rules to attain a desired goal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Physiological changes and conscious feelings of pleasantness or unpleaseantness, aroused by external and internal stimuli, that lead to behavioral reactions. |
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